- 阅读理解A
题干：Newscientificstudiesrevealthehiddencostsofmultitaskingastechnologyincreasinglytemptspeopletodomorethanonethingatatime.WhetherpeopletogglebetweenbrowsingtheWebandusingothercomputerprograms,talkoncellphoneswhiledriving,pilotjumbojetsormonitorairtraffic,they’reusingtheir“executivecontrol”processes—thementalCEO—foundtobeassociatedwiththebrain’skeyneuralregions.Theseinterrelatedcognitiveprocessesestablishprioritiesamongtasksandallocatethemind’sresourcestothem.“Peoplehavespecificmentalresourceswhoseeffectiveuserequiressupervisionthroughexecutivementalcontrol,”saysDavidMeyer,Ph.D.attheUniversityofMichigan.Tobetterunderstandexecutivecontrol,aswellasthehumancapacityformultitaskinganditslimitations,JoshuaRubinstein,Ph.D.ofU.S.FederalAviationAdministration,andDavidMeyer,studiedpatternsintheamountsoftimelostwhenpeopleswitchedrepeatedlybetweentwotasksofvaryingcomplexityandfamiliarity.Thefindingsrevealedthatforalltypesoftasks,subjectslosttimewhentheyhadtoswitchfromonetasktoanother,andtimecostsincreasedwiththecomplexityofthetasks,soittookasignificantlylongtimetoswitchbetweenmorecomplextasks.Timecostswerealotgreaterwhensubjectsswitchedtotasksthatwererelativelyunfamiliar.Theygot“uptospeed”fasterwhentheyswitchedtotaskstheyknewbetter,anobservationthatmayleadtointerfacesdesignedtohelpovercomepeople’sinnatecognitivelimitations.Theresearcherssaytheirresultssuggestthatexecutivecontrolinvolvestwodistinct,complementarystages:goalshifting(“Iwanttodothisnowinsteadofthat”)andruleactivation(I’mturningofftherulesforthatandturningontherulesforthis”).Bothstageshelppeopleunconsciouslyswitchbetweentasks.Ruleactivationitselftakessignificantamountsoftime,severaltenthsofasecond—whichcanaddupwhenpeopleswitchbackandforthrepeatedlybetweentasks.Thus,multitaskingmayseemmoreefficientonthesurface,butmayactuallytakemoretimeintheend.Accordingtotheresearchers,thisinsightintoexecutivecontrolmayhelppeoplechoosestrategiesthatmaximizetheirefficiencywhenmultitasking.Theinsightmayalsoweighagainstmultitasking.Forexample,Meyerpointsout,amerehalfsecondoftimelosttotaskswitchingcanmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforadriverusingacellphone,becauseduringthetimethatthecarisnottotallyundercontrol,itcantravelfarenoughtocrashintoobstaclesthatthedrivermighthaveotherwiseavoided.
题目： Which of the following will generate the greatest time cost?（） - A 、To switch to a more unfamiliar task
- B 、To switch to a more complex task
- C 、To switch to a more familiar task
- D 、To switch to a much easier task
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参考答案【正确答案：A】
局部细节。文章第二段谈到戴维·梅尔和其他两位研究人员的研究结果，测量表明在所有类型的任务中，调查对象从一个任务转向另外一个任务时都会丢失一些时间，而且丢失的时间会随任务复杂程度的提高而增多。因此，在比较复杂的任务间进行转换时要花费很多时间。而当调查对象从一个任务转向另外一个相对不熟悉的任务时丢失的时间更多。故本题的正确答案为A。
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