- 阅读理解A
题干：Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallcultures,parentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity'smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother'sobservanceofsocialnorms,usingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensure,suchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremark,toimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.Facedwithincreasingviolenceathome,manyAmericansendorsedSingapore'suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay'spunishmenteffective?Whetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknown,butthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenya,withahistoryoftribalwarfare,facethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforces,includingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caning,fooddeprivation,andwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.Incontrast,theMixtecansofJuxtlahuaca,Mexico,areahighlycohesivecommunity,withlittleinternalconflict,andsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.Theirsocialpatternsappearadaptive,fortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicans,whocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rather,theytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishment,andsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrong,soresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStates,fearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehavior,especiallyinsmallcommunities.Today,evenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrime,especiallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishment,anothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehad,sothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.
题目： What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?（） - A 、To stop giving them pocket money
- B 、To persuade them in a gentle way
- C 、To verbally humiliate them
- D 、To threaten to expel them from the home
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参考答案【正确答案：D】
肯尼亚 Gusii 族的女人会如何惩罚孩子呢？答案在原文的第二段中：Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children. Caning, food deprivation, and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment. (Gusii 族的人更倾向于使用惩罚，而不是奖励，让孩子守规矩。一般常用的惩罚措施有鞭打，挨饿，不给地方住等。)
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- A 、one has to taste the bitter result if he is blind to a problem
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- C 、one should never keep an elephant in his living room for long
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- A 、The net savvy workers are interested in searching the web for sexual content
- B 、Parents want the workers to make sure that the blocking component works
- C 、Parents across the world don’t want the sexual websites to be blocked
- D 、Parents across the world worry that their children might get hurt by some websites
- 3 【阅读理解A】 What do we learn from the first paragraph?（）
- A 、People are better described in cold, objective terms
- B 、The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated
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- 4 【阅读理解A】 What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?（）
- A 、Many Americans were opposed to what Michael Fay received in Singapore
- B 、The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994
- C 、The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism
- D 、Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment
- 5 【阅读理解A】 What can we infer from the last sentence of the text?（）
- A 、People’s pursue of nonmaterial goals will achieve victory
- B 、People’s pursue of material goals outweighs that of spiritual goals
- C 、People’s pursue of material goals will lead people to the humanists
- D 、People’s pursue of nonmaterial goals is important
- 6 【阅读理解A】What puzzled the mother when her daughter asked her to see something one morning?
- A 、It was not another repair job this time.
- B 、Both of her daughters looked excited.
- C 、She got gifts at that time of the year.
- D 、The bundles on the floor were wrapped.
- 7 【阅读理解A】What do we learn from Mortimer Zuckerman's lamentation?
- A 、Many middle-income families have failed to make a bargain for better welfare.
- B 、The American economic system has caused many companies to go bankrupt.
- C 、The American nation is becoming more and more divided despite its wealth.
- D 、The majority of Americans benefit little from the nation's growing wealth.
- 8 【阅读理解A】What can be inferred from the passage?
- A 、It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.
- B 、Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.
- C 、The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.
- D 、A long history of success may pave the way for further development.
- 9 【阅读理解A】What can we infer from the last paragraph?
- A 、Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.
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- A 、In both East and West, names are essential to success.
- B 、The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoě Zysman.
- C 、Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies' names.
- D 、Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
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