- 阅读理解A
题干：Indevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethatperceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremainindependentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityispositivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivationandcognition,tensionwill,eveninthematureadult,leadtowardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncanbeseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfromtheexternalstimulustothebehavioroftheindividual.Thechilddevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionofitsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsexistindependentofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawarenessofpeopleandthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusandinitiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refusetorecognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhisgoal,despitethefactthathiscognitionoftheseobjectshasbeenpreviouslydemonstrated.Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehaviorcanbeverysimplymotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwillcauseaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultintheceaseofthataction.Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbesimilarlymotivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceoftheopportunityisnotrequiredasthestimulantsofresponse.Thematureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesahypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicitrelationships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamongthem.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthewholework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitivelearningstrengthstobearinevaluatingasituation.Understandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,hisreactionisonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andtakeintoconsiderationanticipatableevents.Theimpactofthesocializationprocess,particularlythatofparentalandsocialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivelydirectedbehavior.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestressoffear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheprimaryinfluence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrombodyschemathroughcognitivelearningissimilarlymanifestedintheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Everynormalinfanthasthephysiologicalequipmentnecessarytoproducesound,butthechildmustfirstmastertheiruseforsucking,biting,andchewingbeforehecancontrolhisequipmentforuseinproducingthesoundsoflanguage.Fromtheearliertimes,itisclearthatlanguageandhumanthoughthavebeenintimatelyconnected.Sendingorreceivingmessages,fromprimitivewarningsofdangertoexplainingcreativeorreflectivethinking,thisaspectofcognitivedevelopmentisalsofirmlylinkedtotheneedsandaspirationsofsociety.
题目： What links cognitive development to the needs of society?（） - A 、Practical purpose
- B 、Natural human cognitive development
- C 、Language
- D 、Sending or receiving messages
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参考答案【正确答案：C】
本文第二段最后四句指出“类似的是，从身体结构到认知学习这个进化发展过程也体现在语言习得过程中。每个正常的婴儿都有发声所必须的生理结构，但在孩子能够控制器官使用、进行发声之前，必须先掌握如何使用器官吮吸、咬和咀嚼。显然，从最初阶段人类语言与思想就是紧密联系的。发送或接收信息，从对危险的简单警告到解释创造性或反思性思维，认知发展的这个方面也与社会需求及社会期望紧密相连。”显然，这里是在谈论认知发展中的语言习得问题。其中末句中的this aspect of cognitive development就是指语言习得问题。由此可以推断出，语言将认知发展与社会需求联系起来。
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