- 阅读理解A
题干：Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedorfeared?Thisquestion,famouslyposedbyMachiavelli,liesattheheartofJosephNye'snewbook.Mr.Nye,aformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolofGovernmentatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica'sNationalIntelligenceCouncil,isbestknownforpromotingtheideaof“softpower”,basedonpersuasionandinfluences,asacounterpointto“hardpower”，basedoncoercion(强迫）andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpowerinpoliciesanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooks，Mr.Nyehasnowturnedhisattentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadership,inboththepoliticalandbusinessspheres.Machiavelli,henotes,concludedthat“oneoughttobebothfearedandloved,butasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether,itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.”Inshort，hardpowerispreferabletosoftpower.Butmodernleadershiptheorieshavecometotheoppositeconclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischanging，theyobserve，andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmoderncompaniesanddemocracies,powerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditionalhierarchies(等级制）arebeingundermined,makingsoftpowerevermoreimportant.Butthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasion，Mr.Nyeargues.Instead，headvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.TheconclusionofThePowerstoLead，hissurveyofthetheoryofleadership,isthatacombinationofhardandsoftpower,whichhecalls“smartpower”,isthebestapproach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthemomentis，apparently，the“transformationalleadershippattern”.Anyoneallergic(反感)tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexit，butMr.Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevariousacademicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingle,slimvolume.Heexaminesdifferentapproachestoleadership，themoralityofleadershipandhowthewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.Thereareplentyofanecdotesandexamples，bothhistoricalandcontemporary,politicalandcorporate.Alas,leadershipisaslipperysubject,andashedepictsvarioustheories,evenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejerrytothewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsofleadership-inparticular,thequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryforgoodleaderstolie-andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhisconclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschange，differentsortsofleadersarerequired；aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystruggleinanother,andviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthatleadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.
题目：From the firsttwo paragraphs we may learn that Mr. Machiavelli's idea of hard power is_____. - A 、well accepted by Joseph Nye
- B 、very influential till nowadays
- C 、based on sound theories
- D 、contrary to that of modern leadership theorists
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参考答案【正确答案：D】
推理题。根据题干中的信号词Machiavelli ’S idea定位到第二段最后三句。第二段倒数第二、三句论述了 Machiavelli提出的关于硬权力和软权力之间关系的结论。最后一句由but引导，表示和前面转折，这句话指出，现代领导学理论工作者得出了相反的结论。也就是说，Machiavelli的观点和现代领导学理论工作者的观点相反，因此D选项为正确答案。contrary to 对应 opposite。
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