- 阅读理解A
题干：Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallcultures,parentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity'smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother'sobservanceofsocialnorms,usingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensure,suchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremark,toimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.Facedwithincreasingviolenceathome,manyAmericansendorsedSingapore'suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay'spunishmenteffective?Whetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknown,butthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenya,withahistoryoftribalwarfare,facethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforces,includingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caning,fooddeprivation,andwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.Incontrast,theMixtecansofJuxtlahuaca,Mexico,areahighlycohesivecommunity,withlittleinternalconflict,andsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.Theirsocialpatternsappearadaptive,fortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicans,whocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rather,theytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishment,andsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrong,soresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStates,fearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehavior,especiallyinsmallcommunities.Today,evenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrime,especiallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishment,anothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehad,sothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.
题目：The best title of the passage would be（）. - A 、Crime and Punishment in the United States
- B 、Reward and Punishment in Different Cultures
- C 、Social Order in Kenya and Juxtlahuaca
- D 、Two Case Studies: Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca
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参考答案【正确答案：B】
文章的第一句话提供了解题的线索：Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.
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