- 阅读理解A
题干:Asanyonewhohastriedtoloseweightknows,realisticgoal-settinggenerallyproducesthebestresults.That'spartiallybecauseitappearspeoplewhosetrealisticgoalsactuallyworkmoreefficiently,andexertmoreeffort,toachievethosegoals.What'sfarlessunderstoodbyscientists,however,arethepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofgoal-setting.Newspapersrelaydailyaccountsofgoal-settingprevalentinindustriesandbusinessesupanddownbothWallStreetandMainStreet,yettherehasbeensurprisinglylittleresearchonhowthelong-trumpetedpracticeofsettinggoalsmayhavecontributedtothecurrenteconomiccrisis,andunethicalbehavioringeneral.“Goalsarewidelyusedandpromotedashavingreallybeneficialeffects.Andyet,thesamemotivationthatcanpushpeopletoexertmoreeffortinaconstructivewaycouldalsomotivatepeopletobemorelikelytoengageinunethicalbehaviors,”saysMauriceSchweitzer,anassociateprofessoratPenn'sWhartonSchool.“Itturnsoutthere'snoeconomicbenefittojusthavingagoal---youjustgetapsychologicalbenefit”Schweitzersays.“Butinmanycases,goalshaveeconomicrewardsthatmakethemmorepowerful.”AprimeexampleSchweitzerandhiscolleaguesciteisthe2004collapseofenergy-tradinggiantEnron,wheremanagersusedfinancialincentivestomotivatesalesmentomeetspecificrevenuegoals.Theproblem,Schweitzersays,istheactualtradeswerenotprofitable.Otherstudieshaveshownthatsaddlingemployeeswithunrealisticgoalscancompelthemtolie,cheatorsteal.Suchwasthecaseintheearly1990swhenSearsimposedasalesquotaonitsautorepairstaff.Itpromptedemployeestooverchargeforworkandtocompleteunnecessaryrepairsonacompanywidebasis.Schweitzerconcedeshisresearchrunscountertoaverylargebodyofliteraturethatcommendsthemanybenefitsofgoal-setting.Advocatesofthepracticehavetakenissuewithhisteam'suseofsuchevidenceasnewsaccountstosupporthisconclusionthatgoal-settingiswidelyover-prescribed。Inarebuttal(反驳)paper,Dr.EdwinLockewrites:“Goal-settingisnotgoingaway.Organizationscannotthrivewithoutbeingfocusedontheirdesiredendresultsanymorethananindividualcanthrivewithoutgoalstoprovideasenseofpurpose.”ButSchweitzercontendsthe“mountingcausalevidence”linkinggoal-settingandharmfulbehaviorshouldbestudiedtohelpspotlightissuesthatmeritcautionandfurtherinvestigation.“Evenafewnegativeeffectscouldbesolargethattheyoutweighmanypositiveeffects,”hesays.“Goal-settingdoeshelpcoordinateandmotivatepeople.Myideawouldbetocombinethatwithcarefuloversight,astrongorganizationalculture,andmakesurethegoalsthatyouusearegoingtobeconstructiveandnotsignificantlyharmtheorganization,”Schweitzersays.
题目: What is Schweitzer's contention against Edwin Locke?() - A 、The link between goal-setting and harmful behavior deserves further study
- B 、Goal-setting has become too deep-rooted in corporate culture
- C 、The positive effects of goal-setting outweigh its negative effects
- D 、Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices
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【正确答案:D】
文章倒数第三段出现了我们看到的题干中的信息词Enron,“In a rebuttal (反驳) paper, Dr. Edwin Locke writes:“Goal-setting is not going away. Organizations cannot thrive without being focused on their desired end results any more than an individual can thrive without goals to provide a sense of purpose.”可以看出Edwin的主要观点还是认为企业需要目标,个人也需要目标。选项B说制定目标已经在企业文化中根深蒂固,但此内容并不是文中话题,选项C则完全曲解了作者观点,认为制定目标的积极意义远超负面效果。选项A是最大干扰项,虽然文中提到了需要进一步关注这种由于制定目标带来的有害行为,但是这种继续关注是手段而非目的,而题目中问的是Schweitzer如何反驳对方,需要我们找的是继续关注带来的好处,所以选项D. Studying goal-setting can throw more light on successful business practices才更符合题意。本题难度相当大,作者的态度一定要把握好。作者并未全盘否定目标制定,而是说一定要制定切合实际的目标,以保证建设性推进计划,避免不道德行为伤害到计划的实施,因此这方面的研究值得继续推进下去,从而让公司健康运转。
- 1 【单选题】Mr.Jones holds strong views against video games and( )the closing of all recreation facilitiesfor such games.
- A 、assists
- B 、acknowledges
- C 、advocates
- D 、admits
- 2 【单选题】()Nat Turner who led a revolt against slavery in Virginia in 1831.
- A 、Where was
- B 、It was
- C 、He was
- D 、It was him
- 3 【阅读理解A】It is very hard to establish a law against appearance discrimination in that ().
- A 、American people regard beauty as a very valuable and desirable quality
- B 、cocktail waitresses want to be competitive and earn more money
- C 、American women like participating in beauty pageants
- D 、such a law will harm the American economy
- 4 【阅读理解A】 What does Maurice Schweitzer want to show by citing the example of Enron?()
- A 、Setting realistic goals can turn a failing business into success
- B 、Businesses are less likely to succeed without setting realistic goals
- C 、Financial incentives ensure companies meet specific revenue goals
- D 、Goals with financial rewards have strong motivational power
- 5 【阅读理解A】 Those who are against gene patents believe that().
- A 、genetic tests are not reliable
- B 、only man-made products are patentable
- C 、patents on genes depend much on innovation
- D 、courts should restrict access to genetic tests
- 6 【阅读理解A】 The authors of Race Against the Machine argue that().
- A 、technology is diminishing man’s job opportunities
- B 、automation is accelerating technological development
- C 、certain jobs will remain intact after automation
- D 、man will finally win the race against machine
- 7 【阅读理解A】 Wedsure's policy against cold feet will pay out on condition that().
- A 、the fiancés are due to break up
- B 、the fiancés' relationship is already on the rocks
- C 、the wedding is cancelled when it is due to take place
- D 、the wedding is cancelled more than one year in advance
- 8 【阅读理解A】What did the author constantly fight against while doing her Ph. D. and post-doctoral research?
- A 、Lack of confidence in succeeding in space science.
- B 、Unfair accusations from both inside and outside her circle.
- C 、People's stereotyped attitude toward female scientists.
- D 、Widespread misconceptions about nature and nurtured.
- 9 【阅读理解A】It is not feasible to build sea defenses to protect against erosion because_____.
- A 、it is too costly and will endanger neighbouring areas
- B 、the government is too slow in taking action
- C 、they will be easily knocked down by waves and currents
- D 、house agents along the coast do not support the idea
- 10 【阅读理解A】Mayor Booker's effort against crime seem to be_____·
- A 、idealistic
- B 、impractical
- C 、effective
- D 、fruitless
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- 在西西里的一处墓穴里,发现了一只陶瓷花瓶。考古学家证实这只花瓶原产自希腊。墓穴主人生活在2700年前,是当时的一个统治者。因此,这说明在2700年前,西西里和希腊间已有贸易。 以下哪项是上述论证必须假设的()。
- 最近几年,北亚的气候普遍比较凉。但是,在北亚的日平均气温和湿度比正常水平稍高的那段时间内,那里生长的庄稼的产量却显著增加。在下个世纪,增加的日平均气温和湿度将有望成为常态。然而科学家预测,在下个世纪大多数地区的庄稼的年产量会下降。 下面哪一项如果正确,能最有助于解决以上信息中的矛盾()。
- 丰收公司邢经理需要在下个月赴湖北、湖南、安徽、江西、浙江、江苏、福建7省进行市场需求调研,各省均调研一次,他的行程需满足如下条件: (1)第一个或最后一个调研江西省; (2)调研安徽省的时间早于浙江省,在这两省的调研之间调研除了福建省的另外两省; (3)调研福建省的时间安排在调研浙江省之间或刚好调研浙江省之后; (4)第三个调研江苏省。 如果邢经理首先赴安徽省调研,则关于他的行程,可以确定以下哪项()。
- (3)
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