- 英译汉 Primary socialization refers to the training of children during their earliest years, whereas secondary socialization refers to later influences on the development of the child's personality and learning activities, such as his involvement with teachers and with other children at school. Primary socialization is in most societies carried out essentially within the family as part of child rearing. In the modern family, parents take responsibility for raising and teaching their children such basic things as language and correct behavior. Toilet training, teaching children how to eat correctly, and encouraging children to get along with others are all aspects of child rearing. However, it is not only these more mundane aspects of behavior that children learn. Children are also implicitly encouraged to develop the values of the parents and of the society in which they live. In American society, which was Parson's main concern, these values include independence, motivation for achievement, and competition. In other societies, different values, such as cooperation and egalitarianism, may be stressed. Yet the principle behind primary socialization in different societies is the same: the development of social values must be achieved in an environment of love and security, as is found in the ideal family anywhere in the world.
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参考答案 初级社会化指的是儿童早期的训练，中级社会化关注的是对儿童人格发展和学习活动的影响，比如说他们在学校和老师，同学的交往。初始社会化在大多数社会中是通过家庭扶养完成的。在现代家庭中，父母扶养和教育子女一些最基础的东西，比如语言，正确的行为。扶养子女包括教孩子用厕所，正确地吃东西，鼓励孩子和别人相处等等。
然而儿童不仅是在这些平凡的事情中学习。他们也潜移默化地学会大人对社会价值的看法。在Parson所关注的美国社会，这些价值观包括独立，进取，和竞争。另外的社会可能会强调不同的观念，比如合作，平等。然而，在不同社会，初级社会化背后的准则却是一样的：社会价值观的培养必须在一个充满爱和安全感的环境中进行，世界上任何一个完美的家庭都创造了这样的一种环境。
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