- 阅读理解A
题干：Newscientificstudiesrevealthehiddencostsofmultitaskingastechnologyincreasinglytemptspeopletodomorethanonethingatatime.WhetherpeopletogglebetweenbrowsingtheWebandusingothercomputerprograms,talkoncellphoneswhiledriving,pilotjumbojetsormonitorairtraffic,they’reusingtheir“executivecontrol”processes—thementalCEO—foundtobeassociatedwiththebrain’skeyneuralregions.Theseinterrelatedcognitiveprocessesestablishprioritiesamongtasksandallocatethemind’sresourcestothem.“Peoplehavespecificmentalresourceswhoseeffectiveuserequiressupervisionthroughexecutivementalcontrol,”saysDavidMeyer,Ph.D.attheUniversityofMichigan.Tobetterunderstandexecutivecontrol,aswellasthehumancapacityformultitaskinganditslimitations,JoshuaRubinstein,Ph.D.ofU.S.FederalAviationAdministration,andDavidMeyer,studiedpatternsintheamountsoftimelostwhenpeopleswitchedrepeatedlybetweentwotasksofvaryingcomplexityandfamiliarity.Thefindingsrevealedthatforalltypesoftasks,subjectslosttimewhentheyhadtoswitchfromonetasktoanother,andtimecostsincreasedwiththecomplexityofthetasks,soittookasignificantlylongtimetoswitchbetweenmorecomplextasks.Timecostswerealotgreaterwhensubjectsswitchedtotasksthatwererelativelyunfamiliar.Theygot“uptospeed”fasterwhentheyswitchedtotaskstheyknewbetter,anobservationthatmayleadtointerfacesdesignedtohelpovercomepeople’sinnatecognitivelimitations.Theresearcherssaytheirresultssuggestthatexecutivecontrolinvolvestwodistinct,complementarystages:goalshifting(“Iwanttodothisnowinsteadofthat”)andruleactivation(I’mturningofftherulesforthatandturningontherulesforthis”).Bothstageshelppeopleunconsciouslyswitchbetweentasks.Ruleactivationitselftakessignificantamountsoftime,severaltenthsofasecond—whichcanaddupwhenpeopleswitchbackandforthrepeatedlybetweentasks.Thus,multitaskingmayseemmoreefficientonthesurface,butmayactuallytakemoretimeintheend.Accordingtotheresearchers,thisinsightintoexecutivecontrolmayhelppeoplechoosestrategiesthatmaximizetheirefficiencywhenmultitasking.Theinsightmayalsoweighagainstmultitasking.Forexample,Meyerpointsout,amerehalfsecondoftimelosttotaskswitchingcanmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforadriverusingacellphone,becauseduringthetimethatthecarisnottotallyundercontrol,itcantravelfarenoughtocrashintoobstaclesthatthedrivermighthaveotherwiseavoided.
题目： Which of the following statements is TRUE for the rule activation stage of executive control?（） - A 、It can help people be aware of switching between tasks
- B 、It doesn’t take as much time as the stage of goal shifting
- C 、It can help explain why time is lost during task switching
- D 、People will use similar rules while performing different tasks
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参考答案【正确答案：C】
局部细节。文章第三段指出，行政控制涉及两个明显而互补的阶段：目标转换和规则启用。这两个阶段帮助人们在任务之间无意识地进行转化。其中规则起用阶段本身要占用较大比例的时间，大概十分之几秒。当人们在不同的任务间不停地进行转换时，这一阶段所占用的时间就会越积越多。故本题的正确答案为C“有助于解释任务转换过程中的时间丢失问题”。
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