- 阅读理解A
题干：Rewardsandpunishmentsareusedindifferentwaysbydifferentcommunitiestomaintainsocialorderandpreserveculturalvalues.Inallcultures,parentsmustteachtheirchildrentoavoiddangerandtoobservethecommunity'smoralprecepts.Adultsalsoconditioneachother'sobservanceofsocialnorms,usingmethodsrangingfrommildformsofcensure,suchaslookingawaywhensomeonemakesaninappropriateremark,toimprisoningorexecutingindividualsforbehaviorconsidereddeviantordangerous.ThecaningofAmericanteenagerMichaelFayinSingaporeforvandalismin1994broughtwidemediaattentiontoculturaldifferencesintheapplicationofpunishment.Facedwithincreasingviolenceathome,manyAmericansendorsedSingapore'suseofcorporalpunishmenttomaintainsocialorder.WasFay'spunishmenteffective?Whetherhesubsequentlyavoidsvandalismisunknown,butthepunishmentdidapparentlyleadtohisavoidanceofSingapore—whichheleftpromptly.Theoperanttechniquessocietiesusetomaintainsocialcontrolvaryinpartwiththedangersandthreatsthatconfrontthem.TheGusiiofKenya,withahistoryoftribalwarfare,facethreatsnotonlyfromoutsidersbutalsofromnaturalforces,includingwildanimals.Gusiiparentstendtorelymoreonpunishmentandfearthanonrewardsinconditioningappropriatesocialbehaviorintheirchildren.Caning,fooddeprivation,andwithdrawingshelterandprotectionarecommonformsofpunishment.Incontrast,theMixtecansofJuxtlahuaca,Mexico,areahighlycohesivecommunity,withlittleinternalconflict,andsocialnormsthatencouragecooperation.Theirsocialpatternsappearadaptive,fortheMixtecansaredominatedbythenearbySpanishMexicans,whocontroltheofficialgovernmentandmanyeconomicresourcesintheirregion.TheMixtecansdonotgenerallyimposefinesorjailsentencesorusephysicalpunishmenttodeteraggressionineitheradultsorchildren.Rather,theytendtorelyonsoothingpersuasion.Socialostracismisthemostfearedpunishment,andsocialtieswithinthecommunityareverystrong,soresponsesthatreinforcethesetiesareeffectiveinmaintainingsocialorder.IntheUnitedStates,fearofsocialostracismorstigmawasonceamorepowerfulforceinmaintainingcontroloverantisocialbehavior,especiallyinsmallcommunities.Today,evenimprisonmentdoesnotappeartobeanadequatedeterrenttomanyformsofcrime,especiallyviolentcrime.Althoughonereasonistheinconsistentapplicationofpunishment,anothermaybethefactthatimprisonmentnolongercarriestheintensestigmaitoncehad,sothatprisonisnolongerasaneffectivepunishment.
题目： According to the passage, what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?（） - A 、Children must be obedient to their parents
- B 、People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves
- C 、People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules
- D 、People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers
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参考答案【正确答案：C】
答案在文章第一段中：各个文化具有的相同点是：父母教育孩子要远离危险，并遵循该文化的道德传统。此外，Adults also condition each other’s observance of social norms, using methods ranging from …成人之间也用不同的方式相互监督彼此是否遵守社会准则。这一点符合选项C。
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