- 阅读理解A
题干：Indevelopingamodelofcognition,wemustrecognizethatperceptionoftheexternalworlddoesnotalwaysremainindependentofmotivation.Whileprogresstowardmaturityispositivelycorrelatedwithdifferentiationbetweenmotivationandcognition,tensionwill,eveninthematureadult,leadtowardsanarrowingoftherangeofperception.Cognitioncanbeseenasthefirststepinthesequenceeventsleadingfromtheexternalstimulustothebehavioroftheindividual.Thechilddevelopsfrombeliefthatallthingsareanextensionofitsownbodytotherecognitionthatobjectsexistindependentofhisperception.Hebeginstodemonstrateawarenessofpeopleandthingswhichareremovedfromhissensoryapparatusandinitiatesgoal-directedbehaviors.Hemay,however,refusetorecognizetheexistenceofbarrierstotheattainmentofhisgoal,despitethefactthathiscognitionoftheseobjectshasbeenpreviouslydemonstrated.Intheprimitivebeings,goal-directedbehaviorcanbeverysimplymotivated.Thepresenceofanattractiveobjectwillcauseaninfanttoreachforit;itsremovalwillresultintheceaseofthataction.Inadultlife,merecognitioncanbesimilarlymotivational,althoughthevisiblepresenceoftheopportunityisnotrequiredasthestimulantsofresponse.Thematureadultmodifieshisreactionbyobtaininginformation,interpretingit,andexaminingconsequences.Heformulatesahypothesisandattemptstotestit.Hesearchesoutimplicitrelationships,examinesallfactors,anddifferentiatesamongthem.Justasthetrainedartistcanseparatethevalueofcolor,composition,andtechnique,whiletakinginandevaluatingthewholework,so,too,thematurepersonbringshiscognitivelearningstrengthstobearinevaluatingasituation.Understandingthatcognitionisseparatefromaction,hisreactionisonlyminimallyguidedfromconditioning,andtakeintoconsiderationanticipatableevents.Theimpactofthesocializationprocess,particularlythatofparentalandsocialgroupideology,mayreducecognitivelydirectedbehavior.Thetensionthusproduced,asforinstancethestressoffear,anger,orextremeemotion,willoftenbetheprimaryinfluence.Theevolutionaryprocessofdevelopmentfrombodyschemathroughcognitivelearningissimilarlymanifestedintheprocessoflanguageacquisition.Everynormalinfanthasthephysiologicalequipmentnecessarytoproducesound,butthechildmustfirstmastertheiruseforsucking,biting,andchewingbeforehecancontrolhisequipmentforuseinproducingthesoundsoflanguage.Fromtheearliertimes,itisclearthatlanguageandhumanthoughthavebeenintimatelyconnected.Sendingorreceivingmessages,fromprimitivewarningsofdangertoexplainingcreativeorreflectivethinking,thisaspectofcognitivedevelopmentisalsofirmlylinkedtotheneedsandaspirationsofsociety.
题目： If a child meets some difficulties in the process of reaching his goal, he may（）. - A 、face them bravely and try to overcome them
- B 、neglect them and come up with a new goal
- C 、be unwilling to admit there are some difficulties
- D 、worry about them and feel discouraged or frustrated
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参考答案【正确答案：C】
文章首段末句指出“但是，他也许拒绝承认阻碍他达到目标的困难的存在，尽管之前他已经表现出对这些问题的认知。”由此可知，孩子在实现目标的过程中遇到困难，会不愿意承认困难的存在，这正是C项的内容。
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- 6 【阅读理解A】How does the child develop his perception?（）
- A 、Parents and teachers play a key role in his development of cognition
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- A 、produce tension
- B 、produce extreme emotion
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- 8 【阅读理解A】According to the passage，some people are born to be sad_____.
- A 、and there is nothing they can do to change the situation
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- A 、see the link between trust and data protection
- B 、perceive the sensitivity of personal data
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- A 、business always emphasized themaintenance of customers.
- B 、they can directly get the service they need.
- C 、few customers will appeal to claims court.
- D 、impoliteness is a kind of bad service.
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