- 阅读理解A
题干：Newscientificstudiesrevealthehiddencostsofmultitaskingastechnologyincreasinglytemptspeopletodomorethanonethingatatime.WhetherpeopletogglebetweenbrowsingtheWebandusingothercomputerprograms,talkoncellphoneswhiledriving,pilotjumbojetsormonitorairtraffic,they’reusingtheir“executivecontrol”processes—thementalCEO—foundtobeassociatedwiththebrain’skeyneuralregions.Theseinterrelatedcognitiveprocessesestablishprioritiesamongtasksandallocatethemind’sresourcestothem.“Peoplehavespecificmentalresourceswhoseeffectiveuserequiressupervisionthroughexecutivementalcontrol,”saysDavidMeyer,Ph.D.attheUniversityofMichigan.Tobetterunderstandexecutivecontrol,aswellasthehumancapacityformultitaskinganditslimitations,JoshuaRubinstein,Ph.D.ofU.S.FederalAviationAdministration,andDavidMeyer,studiedpatternsintheamountsoftimelostwhenpeopleswitchedrepeatedlybetweentwotasksofvaryingcomplexityandfamiliarity.Thefindingsrevealedthatforalltypesoftasks,subjectslosttimewhentheyhadtoswitchfromonetasktoanother,andtimecostsincreasedwiththecomplexityofthetasks,soittookasignificantlylongtimetoswitchbetweenmorecomplextasks.Timecostswerealotgreaterwhensubjectsswitchedtotasksthatwererelativelyunfamiliar.Theygot“uptospeed”fasterwhentheyswitchedtotaskstheyknewbetter,anobservationthatmayleadtointerfacesdesignedtohelpovercomepeople’sinnatecognitivelimitations.Theresearcherssaytheirresultssuggestthatexecutivecontrolinvolvestwodistinct,complementarystages:goalshifting(“Iwanttodothisnowinsteadofthat”)andruleactivation(I’mturningofftherulesforthatandturningontherulesforthis”).Bothstageshelppeopleunconsciouslyswitchbetweentasks.Ruleactivationitselftakessignificantamountsoftime,severaltenthsofasecond—whichcanaddupwhenpeopleswitchbackandforthrepeatedlybetweentasks.Thus,multitaskingmayseemmoreefficientonthesurface,butmayactuallytakemoretimeintheend.Accordingtotheresearchers,thisinsightintoexecutivecontrolmayhelppeoplechoosestrategiesthatmaximizetheirefficiencywhenmultitasking.Theinsightmayalsoweighagainstmultitasking.Forexample,Meyerpointsout,amerehalfsecondoftimelosttotaskswitchingcanmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeathforadriverusingacellphone,becauseduringthetimethatthecarisnottotallyundercontrol,itcantravelfarenoughtocrashintoobstaclesthatthedrivermighthaveotherwiseavoided.
题目： What does the text mainly talk about?（） - A 、The advantages of studying executive mental control
- B 、The high efficiency and hidden costs of multitasking
- C 、The role of mental CEO-executive control process
- D 、Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching
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参考答案【正确答案：D】
全文主题。本篇文章主要讲述的是戴维·梅尔和其他两位研究人员从大脑行政控制的角度来分析人们在处理多种任务时时间丢失问题的研究结果，故正确答案为D，即任务转换过程中认知程序的行政控制。
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