What are the return measures in portfolio management？

There are several return measures used in portfolio management, including:

1. Total return: This measures the overall return on an investment, including both capital gains and income from dividends or interest.

2. Annualized return: This measures the average annual return over a given period of time.

3. Risk-adjusted return: This measures the return of an investment relative to the amount of risk taken to achieve that return.

4. Alpha: This measures the excess return of an investment compared to its benchmark index.

5. Beta: This measures the volatility of an investment relative to the market as a whole.

6. Sharpe ratio: This measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment, taking into account both the total return and the volatility of the investment.

7. Sortino ratio: This is similar to the Sharpe ratio, but only takes into account downside risk (i.e. the risk of losses).

8. Information ratio: This measures the risk-adjusted return of an investment relative to its benchmark index, taking into account the amount of active management involved in the investment.