2019年职称英语考试《卫生类》考试共65题，分为单选题和多选题和判断题和计算题和简答题和不定项。小编为您整理历年真题10道，附答案解析，供您考前自测提升！

1、Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor
The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a fiveyear research study.
Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer, They said patients are younger, especially women.
According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.
"An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer," said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.
He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,433 were male.
Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.
However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.
About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.
However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.
"Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook," said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. "
Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.
Other experts agreed with him.
"Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men," said Dr. Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. "
His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.
The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.
What a new tendency in lung cancer is concluded by the researchers?【单选题】

A.Men are more likely to develop lung cancer than women

B.Women are more likely to develop lung cancer than men

C.Patients with lung cancer become older, especially males

D.Patients with lung cancer become younger, especially females

正确答案:D

答案解析:主旨题。题干考查的是研究者关于肺癌新趋势的结论。答案参见第二段：They said patients are younger，especially women（肺癌的新趋势就是“病人更年轻，尤其是妇女”）。故正确答案为D。

2、Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor
The leading cause of lung cancer among women in the city was cooking oil fumes while men are more likely to develop the disease from smoking, said medical experts after a fiveyear research study.
Doctors announced the results yesterday with analysis on some new tendencies in lung cancer, They said patients are younger, especially women.
According to the Shanghai Tumor research Institute, more local residents die of lung cancer in the city than anything else. Following breast cancer, it has the second-highest incidence rate.
"An unhealthy lifestyle is a very important reason for lung cancer," said Dr He Yumin from Shanghai Minshen Traditional Chinese Medicine Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment Center.
He followed 2,276 lung cancer patients for five years. Among them, 1,433 were male.
Smoking causes 70 percent of cases among men while only 18 percent of female patients developed cancer from smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke, according to the report.
However, more than 60 percent of women with the disease had long term, close contact with strong oil fumes from cooking and complained about irritated eyes and throat.
About 32 percent of women fried foods in boiling oil in unventilated kitchens and about 25 percent of women's bedrooms were adjacent to the kitchen.
However, local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer. Some claimed they may change food preparation methods.
"Unless my family and I don't eat at home every day, I must stay in the kitchen to cook," said Xu Li, a 45-year-old local woman. "I know the fumes are bad for the skin, but it is the first time I heard that it can result in lung cancer. I have already started frying less. "
Doctors said women's lung cancer had few links to personal health and physical condition, but was closely related to family cancer history, unhealthy dietary habits and weak immune systems.
Other experts agreed with him.
"Smoking is by far the biggest cause of lung cancer for men," said Dr. Tan Binyong, honorary president of the Respiratory Disease Institute at Fudan University's Medical College. "It's true that second-hand smoke and cooking fumes are the main causes among women. "
His research also warned people not to stand near of stalls selling fried foods due to the poor quality of oils used.
The chance of catching lung cancer is three times higher if exposed to the fume for a long time, experts said.
What was the local women's reaction when they learned that cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer?
【单选题】

A.Happy.

B.Surprised.

C.Angry.

D.Careless.

正确答案:B

答案解析:态度题。答案参见第九段第一句：However，local women were surprised to learn cooking oil fumes could lead to cancer(妇女们知道厨房油烟可以致癌时都很惊讶）。故正确答案为B。

3、Egypt Felled by Famine
Even ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilization around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometers to the south was ultimately to blame and the same or worse could happen today.
The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods.
Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stablize the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile.
The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analyzing isotope differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river.
Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom.
The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. " Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies," says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doberty Earth Observatory in New York.
"Similar events today could be even more devastating," says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D C. " Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dramatically. "
According to Krom, Egypt's Old Kingdom fell ____.
【单选题】

A.immediately after a period of drought

B. immediately after a period of flood

C.just before a drought struck

D.just before a flood struck

正确答案:A

答案解析:A说的是：就在一个时期的干旱之后。第五段有这么一个句子：… one of these periods immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom. 其中的一个时期…就发生在古埃及王国毁灭之前。可以看出，A应该是正确的答案。B：就在一个时期的水灾之后。C：就在遇到一次旱灾之前。D：就在遇到一次水灾之前。

4、 Happiness
If your sense of well-being fluctuates with stock market, you might be comforted to know that money can't buy you happiness anyway.
In one American study conducted in 1993, level of income was shown to have an inverse relation to happiness: The group whose income had declined was happier overall than the group whose income had increased. A soon-to-be published review of the hundreds of studies on this subject supports the 1993 findings.
In developed countries, the correlation between income and happiness is close to zero and sometimes negative.
With a correlation between level of income and happiness somewhere between 0.12 and 0.18, the United States is near the bottom of the list; that factors other than income are overwhelmingly more important in explaining happiness.
Also, as our material wealth increases, the gap between income and satisfaction with life seems to be widening. Predictably, money has its most positive effect on the poor, but once a person has achieved a minimal standard of living level of income has almost nothing to do with happiness.
Close relationship, rather than money, is the key to happiness. Indeed, the number of one's personal friends is a much better indicator of overall satisfaction with life than personal wealth. One stands a better chance of achieving a satisfying life by spending time with friends and family than by striving for higher income. Incidentally, in the US, as people become richer, the probability
of divorce increases.
Our need for companionship is partly biological. All primates respond with pleasure to demonstrations of affection and with pain to loss of companionship. Isolated monkeys will sacrifice food just for the glimpses of another monkey. By ignoring our biologically programmed need for each other, we risk physical and mental distress.
A recent cross-national study of mental depression in the US found that in advanced countries, there is a rising tide of major depression. Teenage suicides have increased in recent decades in almost all advanced countries. Moreover, in the US since World War Ⅱ, there has been an actual decline in the proportion of people who report themselves to be "very unhappy. "
You can easily test the claim that companionship exceeds wealth as a source of happiness. Ask yourself which has a greater influence on your satisfaction with life: your income or the affection of your intimate companions and the well-being of your children? Conversely, which would make you more depressed: a reduction in salary or a divorce and isolation from your friends?
Capitalism succeeds in creating material riches, but it is less successful in building companionable societies and protecting family integrity. But developing countries still have much work to do in pursuing material wealth, where a rise in productivity still greatly increases happiness. For poorer countries, the time is not yet ripe for a shift in priorities from wealth accumulation to companionship.
Can we afford to believe that the pursuit of material gain will lead to self-fulfillment? We should continue to enjoy our wealth in good company, or else we may find that it is not satisfying.
Which of the following is the least likely cause of one's unhappiness in advanced countries?
【单选题】

A.Loss of friends.

B.Reduction of income.

C.Death of a family member.

D.Divorce.

正确答案:B

答案解析:Capitalism (advanced countries) succeeded in creating material riches, but it is less successful in building companionable societies and protecting family integrity. (But developing countries still have much work to do in pursuing material wealth, where a rise in productivity still greatly increases happiness. For poor countries, the time is not yet ripe for a shift in priorities from wealth accumulation to companionship. 该句说“资本主义（制度）（借助后句中分别出现的‘发展中国家’和‘穷国’，判断Capitalism是指“发达国家”）成功地创造了物质财富，但是它在建立和谐社会和保护家庭的完整上就不太成功”，从这个句子可以推出结论：资本主义国家的不足之处：不能很好地维持社会的和谐和家庭的完整应该是造成资本主义国家的人民不快乐的原因，选项A、C和D都涉及社会和家庭，因此判断B（收入的减少）是答案。

5、The Only Way Is Up
Think of a modem city and the first image that come to mind is the skyline. It is full of great buildings, pointing like fingers to heaven. It is true that some cities don't permit buildings to go above a certain height. But these are cities concerned with the past. The first thing any city does when it wants to tell the world that it has arrived is to build skyscrapers.
When people gather together in cities, they create a demand for land since cities are places where money is made, that demand can be met. And the best way to make money out of city land is to put as many people as possible in a space that covers the smallest amount of ground that means building upwards.
The technology existed to do this as early as the 19th century. But the height of buildings was limited by one important factor. They had to be small enough for people on the top floors to climb stairs. People could not be expected to climb a mountain at the end of their journey to work, or home.
Elisha Otis, a US inventor, was the man who brought us the lift or elevator, as he preferred to call it. However, most of the technology is very old lifts work using the same pulley system the Egyptians used to create the Pyramids. What Otis did was attach the system to a steam engine and develop the elevator brake, which stops the lift falling if the cords that hold it up are broken. It was this that did the most to gain public confidence in the new invention. In fact, he spent a number of years exhibiting lifts at fairgrounds, giving people the chance to try them out before selling the idea to architects and builders.
A lift would not be a very good theme park attraction now. Going in a lift is such an everyday thing that it would just be boring. Yet psychologists and others who study human behavior find lifts fascinating. The reason is simple. Scientists have always studied animals in zoos. The nearest they can get to that with humans is in observing them in lifts.
"It breaks all the usual conventions about the bubble of personal space we carry around with us and you just can't choose to move away," says workplace psychologist, Gary Fitzgibbon. Being trapped in this setting can create different types of tensions, he says. Some people are scared of them. Others use them as an opportunity to get close to the boss. Some stand close to the door. Others hide in the comers. Most people try and shrink into the background but some behave in a way that makes others notice them. There are a few people who just stand in a comer taking notes.
Don't worry about them. They are probably from a university.
". . . these are cities concerned with the past" in the first paragraph refer to cities that____.【单选题】

A.are worried about their past

B.have a glorious past to be proud of

C.want to maintain their traditional image

D.are very interested in their own history

正确答案:C

答案解析:be concerned with是“关心、关注”的意思顾可排除B和D两个选项，根据前面一句话，these cities是指那些不允许建筑物超出一定高度的城市，即不愿意改变固有形象的城市。

6、Early childhood education
In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of high academic achievement and economic success, for possible answers. However, the answers provided by Japanese preschools are not the ones Americans expected to find in most Japanese preschools, surprisingly little emphasis is put on academic instruction. In one investigation, 300 Japanese and 210 American preschool teachers, child development specialists, and parents were asked about various aspects of early childhood education. Only 2 percent of the Japanese respondents listed "to give children a good start academically" as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. In contrast, over half the American respondents chose this as one of their top three choices. To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, and mathematics, but rather skills such as persistence, concentration, and the ability to function as a member of a group. The vast majority of young Japanese children are taught to read at home by their parents.
In the recent comparison of Japanese and American preschool education, 91 percent of Japanese respondents chose providing children with a group experience as one of their top three reasons for a society to have preschools. Sixty-two percent of the more individually oriented (强调个性发展的) Americans listed group experience as one of their top three choices. An emphasis on the importance of the group seen in Japanese early childhood education continues into elementary school education.
Like in America, there is diversity in Japanese early childhood education. Some Japanese kindergartens have specific aims, such as early musical training or potential development. In large cities, some kindergartens are attached to universities that have elementary and secondary schools. Some Japanese parents believe that if their young children attend a university-based program, it will increase the children's chances of eventually being admitted to top-rated schools and universities. Several more progressive programs have introduced free play as a way out for the heavy intellectualizing in some Japanese kindergartens.
In Japan's preschool education, the focus is on ____.【单选题】

A.preparing children academically

B.developing children's artistic interests

C.tapping children's potential

D.shaping children's character

正确答案:D

答案解析:A选项与全文的中心思想不符；B、C选项是片面的概括；D选项把文中提到的persistence，concentration. and the ability. to function as a member of a group很好的概括为shaping children's character，故D为正确的选项。

7、Nurse! I Want My Mummy
When a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be with them.
Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep overnight with their child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.
But until the 1970s this practice was not only frowned upon (不赞同) — it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children would be upset when their parents left, and so there was a blanket (通用的) ban.
A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse, I want my mummy!" published in 1974, changed the face "paediatric (儿科的) nursing.
Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses like Pamela had changed the face of patient care.
"Pamela's study was done against the background of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in ____."
"The idea was that if mum came to visita small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable (无法安慰的) for hours. "
"Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at all the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. "
"Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope that mum was ever coming back."
"To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit."
"But children were alone and depressed, so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."
Dr. Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her work had been seminal (开创性的).
"Her research put an end to the days when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward."
"As a result of her work, parents are now recognized as partners in care and are afforded the opportunity to stay with their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care."
【单选题】

A.hospital

B.family

C.group

D.school

正确答案:A

答案解析:本题难度不大，考查词义辨析，干扰项干扰不大，可以先看选项得到信息提示。文章此处是说“……允许父母去探望他们在医院的孩子”，答案是A。

8、Cancer
1. Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body's basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally, cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor(肿瘤). Benign(良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order.
2. Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet(紫外线的) radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致症物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited.
3. Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy(化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient's age and general health and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighting the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects.
4. Having cancer does not always mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease and the patient's tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can generally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over - the - counter drugs recommended by the doctor.
Cancer patients may differ in their ______.【单选题】

A.side effects

B.prescription medicines

C.control or order

D.tolerance for pain

E.various factors

F.different genes

正确答案:D

答案解析:本题有一定难度，需要认真寻找答案依据。答案依据在文章第第四段第二句话：Whether a patient has pain may depend on … and the patients' tolerance for pain，谈到病人是否感觉疼痛取决于癌症的类型，患病严重程度以及病人对疼痛的忍耐力，回来看选项，D项符合原文句意，是答案。

9、Youth Emancipation in Spain
The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest.
Around 55 percent of people aged 18 ～ 34 in Spain still sleep in their parents' home, says the latest report from the country's state - run Institute of Youth.
To coax (劝诱) young people from their homes, the Institute started a "Youth Emancipation(解放)" programme this month. The programme offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs.
Economists blame young people's family dependence on the precarious (不稳定的) labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2000.
Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists (社会学家). Family ties in south Europe (Italy, Portugal and Greece) are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report "The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth: Key for Understanding".
"In general, young people in Spain firmly believe in the family as the main body around which their private life is organized," said Minguez.
In Spain, especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews (外甥／侄子) all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner.
Parents tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late - night partying and are wary of setting bedtime rules.
"A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain he'll put up a fight and call the father a fascist," said Jose Antonio Gomez Yanez, a sociologist at Carlos Ill University in Madrid.
Mothers willingness to do children's household chores (家务) worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60 - year - old in Madrid, has three children in their 20s, The eldest 28, has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good.
"His mum does the wash and cooks for him, in the end, he lives well," Masso said.
Young people's family dependence can be attributed to all the following factors EXCEPT ______.【单选题】

A.parents' tolerance

B.housing problems

C.unwillingness to get married

D.cultural traditions

正确答案:C

答案解析:本题难度较大，需要通读全文，认真做出判断。导致年轻人过分依赖家庭的原因需要文章谈到了几个，如第五段提到了文化原因，第八段谈到了父母的容忍是另一个因素，倒数第二段谈到了母亲为孩子做家务也使这个问题恶化，只有不愿意结婚这项个因素文章没有提及，所以答案是C。

10、Happy Marriage, Happy Heart
Happily married people have lower blood pressure than unhappily married people or singles, a Brigham Young University study says.
On the other hand, even having a supportive social network did not translate into a blood pressure benefit for singles or unhappily married people, according to the study.
"There seems to be some unique health benefits from marriage. It's not just being named that benefits health-what's really the most protective of health is having a happy marriage," study author Julianne Holt Lunstad, a psychologist who specializes in relationships and health, said in a prepared statement.
The study included 204 married and 99 ____ adults who wore portable blood - pressure monitors for 24 hours. The monitors recorded blood pressure at random intervals and provided a total of about 72 readings.
"We wanted to capture participants' blood pressure doing whatever they normally do in everyday life. Getting one or two readings in a clinic is not really representative of the fluctuations (波动) that occur throughout the day," Holt Lunstad said.
Overall, happily married people scored four points lower on the blood pressure readings than single adults. The study also found that blood pressure among married people, especially those in happy marriages dropped more during sleep than in single people.
"Research has shown that people whose blood pressure remains high throughout the night are at much greater risk of heart disease than people whose blood pressure drops," Holt Lunstad said.
The study was published in the March 20 issue of the journal Annals (年刊) of Behavioral Medicine.
The study also found that unhappily married adults have higher blood pressure than both happily married and single adults.
Holt Lunstad noted that married couples can encourage healthy habits in one another, such as eating a healthy diet and having regular doctor visits. People in happy marriages also have a source of emotional support, she said.
【单选题】

A.young

B.old

C.single

D.experienced

正确答案:C

答案解析:本题难度不大，考查词义辨析，考查single的用法。前面提到了married(adults)，中间是连词and，很明显，此处是指single( adults)，即研究对象包括204名已婚和未婚的成年人，答案是C。