2019年职称英语考试《卫生类》考试共65题，分为单选题和多选题和判断题和计算题和简答题和不定项。小编为您整理历年真题10道，附答案解析，供您考前自测提升！

1、Intellectual Disability
People with intellectual disability form one of the largest single disability groups in a community. Intellectual disability refers to a general slowness to learn and function within society, and the identification of intellectual disability is usually based on an assessment of a person's performance in a variety of tests. An individual's level of performance, as assessed, can change with time and circumstances. With skilled training and opportunity for development, people with intellectual disability have much greater potential for acquiring skills and for participation in community life than previously had been thought possible.
In many western societies, five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been used in order to indicate the perceived degree of difficulty an individual has with learning. All five may occur in either children, adolescent or adult, and show as mild, moderate, severe, profound or multiple intellectual disability.
For the majority of intellectual disabilities, there is no identifiable cause but there are some causes that are well documented. They include: brain damage at birth due to lack of oxygen—prolonged labor during childbirth; brain damage before birth due to factors such as rubella (风疹), drug or diet-related problems; damage after birth due to illnesses such as encephalitis(脑膜炎) or accident; hereditary defects in the genes; abnormal chromosome count resulting in, for example, Down Syndrome(唐氏综合症).
Like everyone else, people with an intellectual disability need a rewarding job, a satisfying place to live and a good social life. But they may need extra support to achieve these things. Good support services are based on the principle of normalization—which means enabling people to be part of the community like everyone else,
With the introduction of the intellectually disabled into communities, there is a need to promote awareness of communication. Although many people may have little experience in talking with an intellectually disabled person, there are common guidelines that can simplify the interaction. Firstly, it is useful to remember that people with disabilities have feelings. Speaking in the same friendly manner as you would to anyone else is also recommended. Being prepared to wait a little longer for replies during a conversation with an intellectually disabled person would undoubtedly benefit the exchange.
Five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been used to____.
【单选题】

A.assess the degree of difficulty an individual has with learning

B.illnesses such as encephalitis or accident

C.they also have feelings

D.an assessment of a person's performance in a variety of tests

E.factors such as rubella, drug or diet-related problems

F.benefit the exchange

正确答案:A

答案解析:根据题干线索词Five categories定位原文至第二段第一句“five categories of intellectual disability have traditionally been used in order to indicate the perceived degree of difficulty an individual has with learning”，由此推断，句中画线部分即为所需添加成分。A选项属于原文复现，故为正确答案。

2、Smallpox virus
It's now a fair bet that we will never see the total extinction of the smallpox virus. The idea was to cap the glorious achievement of 1980, when smallpox was eradicated in the wild, by destroying the killer virus in the last two labs that are supposed to have it—one in the US and one in Russia. If smallpox had truly gone from the planet, what point was there in keeping these reserves?
In reality, of course, it was naive to imagine that everyone would let go of such a potential weapon. Undoubtedly several nations still have a few vials. And the last “official” stocks of live virus bred mistrust of the US and Russia, for no obvious gain.
Now American researchers have found an animal model of the human disease, opening the ____ for tests on new treatments and vaccines. So one again there's a good reason to keep the virus—just in case the disease puts in a reappearance.
How do we deal with the mistrust of the US and Russia? Simple. Keep the virus under international auspices in a well-guarded UN laboratory that's open to all countries. The US will object, of course, just as it rejects a multilateral approach to just about everything. But it doesn't mean the idea is wrong. If the virus is useful, then let's make it the servant of all humanity—not just a part of it.
【单选题】

A.method

B.road

C.street

D.way

正确答案:D

答案解析:此题考查固定搭配。open?the?way:为某事的发生创造了条件。故D为正确答案。

3、Waste Not, Want Not
1 Bob and Clara Darlington, who own and run a farm in the North of England, have always looked for new ways of making money out of the produce they grow. Their SUCCESS began when they established a shop on their farm, so that people could come and buy fresh vegetables directly from them.
2 The business was an immediate SUCCESS, and soon scored top marks in a competition set up by the Farm Retail Association to find the best farm shop in the country. The Association's inspectors found the Darling tons' shop offered excellent service and value for money as well as quality fruit and vegetable.
3 Clara Darlington is a trained chef and, in addition to a range of home-grown foods and other local produce, she began offering a variety of prepared meals which she had made herself in the farmhouse kitchen. A small cafe alongside the farm shop was soon added, with everything that visitors could taste on the menu also being for sale in the shop.
4 Clara admits that starting the business was expensive, and she has worked very hard, but maintains that if the product is good, the public recognize this and buy it. "I aim to offer the highest quality to our customers, whether they come in for a loaf of bread, or take a whole dinner-party menu. I take it as a compliment if people take home one of my dishes to serve to their family and friends and get away with pretending they made it themselves. "
5 So it was that the couple realized that they had a surplus of misshapen or damaged vegetables grown on the farm which were unsuitable for selling in the shop. Clara, not wishing to see them get thrown away, decided to turn them into soup.
6 The soup met with the immediate approval of customers to the shop and Clara now produce different varieties. She spent much of the summer traveling up and down to London by rail, doing presentations of the soups. As a result, they are now served in first-class railway restaurant cars belonging to three companies as well as being stocked by a number of high-class London stores.
Paragraph 3____
【单选题】

A.Time well spent is rewarded

B.Professional recognition is obtained

C.A necessary alternative to farming

D.Professional skills are exploited

E.Continuing investment in high standards

F.Ensuring that nothing gets wasted

正确答案:B

答案解析:该段讲到因为参与农场商店的竞赛而得到国家农场协会的认可，于是克拉拉除了自家农场种的食物和本地出产的农产品外，还开设了一家小咖啡馆顺便出售自己的农产品，农场的经营越来越专业，并得到行业的认可。

4、 Happiness
If your sense of well-being fluctuates with stock market, you might be comforted to know that money can't buy you happiness anyway.
In one American study conducted in 1993, level of income was shown to have an inverse relation to happiness: The group whose income had declined was happier overall than the group whose income had increased. A soon-to-be published review of the hundreds of studies on this subject supports the 1993 findings.
In developed countries, the correlation between income and happiness is close to zero and sometimes negative.
With a correlation between level of income and happiness somewhere between 0.12 and 0.18, the United States is near the bottom of the list; that factors other than income are overwhelmingly more important in explaining happiness.
Also, as our material wealth increases, the gap between income and satisfaction with life seems to be widening. Predictably, money has its most positive effect on the poor, but once a person has achieved a minimal standard of living level of income has almost nothing to do with happiness.
Close relationship, rather than money, is the key to happiness. Indeed, the number of one's personal friends is a much better indicator of overall satisfaction with life than personal wealth. One stands a better chance of achieving a satisfying life by spending time with friends and family than by striving for higher income. Incidentally, in the US, as people become richer, the probability
of divorce increases.
Our need for companionship is partly biological. All primates respond with pleasure to demonstrations of affection and with pain to loss of companionship. Isolated monkeys will sacrifice food just for the glimpses of another monkey. By ignoring our biologically programmed need for each other, we risk physical and mental distress.
A recent cross-national study of mental depression in the US found that in advanced countries, there is a rising tide of major depression. Teenage suicides have increased in recent decades in almost all advanced countries. Moreover, in the US since World War Ⅱ, there has been an actual decline in the proportion of people who report themselves to be "very unhappy. "
You can easily test the claim that companionship exceeds wealth as a source of happiness. Ask yourself which has a greater influence on your satisfaction with life: your income or the affection of your intimate companions and the well-being of your children? Conversely, which would make you more depressed: a reduction in salary or a divorce and isolation from your friends?
Capitalism succeeds in creating material riches, but it is less successful in building companionable societies and protecting family integrity. But developing countries still have much work to do in pursuing material wealth, where a rise in productivity still greatly increases happiness. For poorer countries, the time is not yet ripe for a shift in priorities from wealth accumulation to companionship.
Can we afford to believe that the pursuit of material gain will lead to self-fulfillment? We should continue to enjoy our wealth in good company, or else we may find that it is not satisfying.
According to the author, which of the following is most likely to share our biological need for companionship besides the monkey?
【单选题】

A. A swallow.

B.A pig.

C.An ape.

D.A dog.

正确答案:C

答案解析:根据常识来看，因为猿猴（C与猴子最接近，所以推测C最可能是答案。结合段首句的内容来看，这个句子是用作具体的例子例证“我们对友谊的需要有部分原因是出于动物的天性。”判断该句前句中提到的灵长目（猴子也属于灵长目）也应该是用来例证的，因此判断灵长目都应该具有对友谊的生理需要，因此判断C（猿猴）是答案。

5、Surprised by a Miracle
I had been working in the trauma unit at a local hospital for about a year. You get used to families thinking that a "coma" patient is moving their hand or doing something that they were asked to do. "Following commands" is what we call it. Often it's "wishful thinking" on the Families' part. Nurses can easily become callous to it.
On this particular night during visiting hours, my patient's wife came in. I had taken care of him for several nights. I was very familiar with his care and what he was able to do. Actually, he didn't do anything. He barely moved at all, even when something would obviously hurt him, such as suctioning.
His wife was very short, about 5 feet tall. She had to stand on a stool to lean over him, so that she could see his face and talk to him. She climbed up on the stool. I spoke to her for a few minutes, and then stepped out to tend to my other patient. A few minutes later, she came running out of the room. In an excited voice, she said, "Donna, he's moving his hand!"
I immediately thought that it was probably her imagination, and that he had not actually done it on purpose. He had been there about a month at the time and had never made any movements on purpose. I asked her what had happened and she said, "I asked him to squeeze my hand and he did!"
This led me to another train of questioning. "But, did he let go when you asked him to?" She said yes, that he had done exactly what she asked.
I went into the room with her, not really believing that I would see anything different than I had always seen. But I decided that it would be better to pacify her than to make her think I didn't believe her or that she was somehow mistaken.
She asked him to squeeze her hand, which he did. I said, "Well, ask him to let go. " He continued to squeeze for a moment, so that when he finally did let go, I really still didn't believe that he had done it on purpose. So, I said, "Ask him to hold up one finger. " He did as asked.
Well, hmm, this was starting to get my attention. I looked at him, his face still somewhat swollen and his eyes still closed. "Stick out your tongue!" I said. He did it. I almost fell on the floor. It was the first time I had ever seen anyone "wake up. "
How did the author feel upon first hearing what the excited wife said?【单选题】

A.She was amused.

B.She was doubtful.

C.She was scared.

D.She was shocked.

正确答案:B

答案解析:短文的第三段的头一句话表明，作者开始基本上不相信病人家属所说的话。

6、Smoking Can Increase Depressive Symptoms in Teens
While some teenagers may puff on cigarettes to "self-medicate" against the blues, scientists at the University of Toronto and the University of Montreal have found that smoking may actually increasedepressive symptoms in some teens.
"This observational study is one of the few to examine the perceived emotional benefits of smoking among teens," says lead researcher Michael Chaiton, a research associate at the Ontario Tobacco Research Unit of the University of Toronto." Although cigarettes may appear to have self-medicating effects or to improve mood, in the long term we found that teens who started to smoke reported higher depressive symptoms. "
As part of the study, some 662 high school teenagers completed up to 20 questionnaires about their use of cigarettes to affect mood. Secondary schools were selected to provide a mix of French and English participants, urban and rural schools, and schools located in high, moderate and low socioeconomic neighborhoods. Participants were divided into three groups: never smokers; smokers who did not use cigarettes to self-medicate, improve mood or physical state; smokers who used cigarettes to self-medicate. Depressive symptoms were measured using a scale that asked how felt too fired to do things: had ____ going to sleep or staying asleep; felt unhappy, sad, or depressed; felt hopeless about the future; felt vexed, antsy or tense; and worried too much about things.
"Smokers who used cigarettes as mood improvers had higher risks of elevated depressive symptoms than teens who had never smoked," says co-researcher Jennifer O'Loughlin, a professor at the University of Montreal Department of Social and Preventive Medicine. "Our study found that teen smokers who reported emotional benefits from smoking are at higher risk of developing depressive symptoms."
The association between depression and smoking exists principally among teens that use cigarettes to feel better. "It's important to emphasize that depressive symptom scores were higher among teenagers who reported emotional benefits from smoking after they began to smoke," says Dr. Chaiton.
【单选题】

A.time

B.courage

C.energy

D.trouble

正确答案:D

答案解析:本段介绍了问卷包含的问题。作者罗列的问题都是负面的，如乏力、失眠、烦躁等，所以填入空格的词也应该是负面的。trouble符合这个要求，是本题的答案。

7、Nurse ! I Want My Mummy
When a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be with them.
Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep overnight with their child, providing a bed or so far on the ward.
But until the 1970s this practice was not only frowned upon, it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children were ____ when their parents left, and so there was a blanket ban.
A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse! I want my mummy" published in 1974 , changed the face of paediatric nursing.
Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses like Pamela had changed the face of patient care.
"Pamela's study was done against the background of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in hospital. "
"The idea was that if mum came to visit a small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable for hours. "
"Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at all the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. "
"Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope that mum was eve coming back. "
"To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit. "
"But children were alone and depressed so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit. "
"Dr Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her work had been seminal. "
"Her research put an end to the days when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward. "
"As a result of her work, parents and careers are now recognized as partners and are afforded the opportunity to stay with their children whilst they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care. "
【单选题】

A.hungry

B.upset

C.surprised

D.happy

正确答案:B

答案解析:医院担心父母一离开，孩子会十分不安(upset)，所以干脆不让父母和孩子见面。

8、Breast Cancer Deaths Record Low
The number of women dying from breast cancer has fallen to a record low by dropping under 12,000 a year for the first time since records began.
The Cancer' Research UK data showed that 11.990 women died in the UK in 2007.
The previous lowest figure had been recorded in 1971-the year records began-after which it rose steadily year by year until the late 1980s.
Professor Peter Johnson, Cancer Research UK's chief clinician. said: "It's incredibly encouraging to see fewer women dying from breast cancer now than at any time in the last 40 years, despite breast cancer being diagnosed more often."
"Research has played a crucial role in this progress leading to improved treatments and better management for women with the disease."
"The introduction of the NHS (国民保健制度) breast screening 3 program has also contributed as women are more likely to survive the earlier cancer is diagnosed."
Breast cancer is now the most common cancer in the UK with 45,500 women every year diagnosed with the disease - a 50% rise in 25 years.
The number of deaths peaked in 1989, when 15,625 women died. It then fell by between 200 and 400 deaths each year until 2004.
There was a slight rise in 2005 and then two years of falls.
Dr. Sarah Cant, policy manager at Breakthrough Breast Cancer said: "It is great news that fewer women are dying from breast cancer and highlights the impact of improved treatments, breast screening and awareness of the disease. "
"However, this is still too many women and incidence of the disease is increasing year by year. "
The rising rate of breast cancer diagnosis has been put down to a variety of factors including obesity(肥胖) and alcohol consumption.
Breast cancer can come back 10 years after you were first diagnosed. 【单选题】

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Not mentioned

正确答案:C

答案解析:本题难度较大，答案依据不明显，需要通读全文。通读全文可以发现，文章没有提及在第一次被诊断出乳腺癌后，患者有可能10年后复发的情况，因此本题未提及，答案是C。

9、We had a long conversation about her parents.【单选题】

A.speech

B.question

C.talk

D.debate

正确答案:C

答案解析:关于她父母我们谈了很久。本题难度不大，考察的是基本意义，干扰项干扰不大。conversation和talk都有“谈话”的意思，是近义词，A项指“讲话”，D项指“辩论”，和答案意义差异大，最佳答案是C。

10、Nurse! I Want My Mummy
When a child is ill in hospital, a parent's first reaction is to be with them.
Most hospitals now allow parents to sleep overnight with their child, providing a bed or sofa on the ward.
But until the 1970s this practice was not only frowned upon (不赞同) — it was actively discouraged. Staff worried that the children would be upset when their parents left, and so there was a blanket (通用的) ban.
A concerned nurse, Pamela Hawthorn, disagreed and her study "Nurse, I want my mummy!" published in 1974, changed the face "paediatric (儿科的) nursing.
Martin Johnson, a professor of nursing at the University of Salford, said that the work of nurses like Pamela had changed the face of patient care.
"Pamela's study was done against the background of a lively debate in paediatrics and psychology as to the degree women should spend with children in the outside world and the degree to which they should be allowed to visit children in hospital."
"The idea was that if mum came to visita small child in hospital the child would be upset and inconsolable (无法安慰的) for hours. "
"Yet the nurse noticed that if mum did not come at ____ the child stayed in a relatively stable state but they might be depressed. "
"Of course we know now that they had almost given up hope that mum was ever coming back."
"To avoid a little bit of pain they said that no one should visit."
"But children were alone and depressed, so Hawthorn said parents should be allowed to visit."
Dr. Peter Carter, chief executive and general secretary of the Royal College of Nursing, said her work had been seminal (开创性的).
"Her research put an end to the days when parents handed their children over to strangers at the door of the hospital ward."
"As a result of her work, parents are now recognized as partners in care and are afforded the opportunity to stay with their children while they are in hospital, which has dramatically improved both parents' and children's experience of care."
【单选题】

A.all

B.large

C.will

D.it

正确答案:A

答案解析:本题难度不大，考查固定搭配not at all，指“根本不”，答案是A。