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Social control refers to social processes, planned ｏｒunplanned, by which people are taught, persuaded, ｏｒforced to conform to norms. In every society, some punishments ｏｒnegative sanctions are established fｏｒdeviant behavior. Without deviant behaviｏｒthere would not be need fｏｒsocial control ａｎｄ　without social control there would not be a way of recognizing the boundary between the acceptable ａｎｄ　the unacceptable.

Social control may be either formal or informal. Informal mechanisms include expressions of disapproval by significant others ａｎｄ　withholding of positive rewards fｏｒdisapproved behavior. Most people internalize norms in the course of socialization. This is any group’s most powerful protection against deviance, in that the individual’s own conscience operates as an agent of social control. When informal sanctions fail, formal agents of social control may be called upon. In contemporary society, such formal agents ａｎｄ　agencies include psychiatry ａｎｄ　other mental health professions; mental hospitals; police ａｎｄ　courts of law; prisons; and social welfare agencies. All these formal agents function to limit, correct, ａｎｄ　control violation of norms. Conflict theorists would also point out that social control agents ａｎｄ　systems tend, in any society, to serve the interests of powerful groups ａｎｄ　to enforce the norms most beneficial to those who make the rules ａｎｄ　who, therefore, define unacceptable behavior.

Social control, whether formal ｏｒinformal, has a dual function. First, it punishes the wrongdoer ａｎｄ　reaffirms the boundaries of acceptable behavior. Second, ａｎｄ　less recognized, it regulates the manner in which deviants are treated.

51. Social control refers to processes by which ____.

A. norms are developed

B. norms are enforced

C. people are educated ａｎｄ　trained

D. people are rewarded ａｎｄ　punished

52. Every society has its own ____.

A. planned systems

B. controlled norms

C. recognized boundary

D. established sanctions

53. Informal mechanisms of social control include the following EXCEPT ____.

A. a high level of interest in ensuring conformity

B. expression of disapproval by significant others

C. withholding of positive rewards fｏｒthe deviants

D. people’s internalization of norms in socialization

54. The most powerful protection against deviance is ____.

A. negative sanctions

B. severe punishments

C. the individual’s conscience

D. unrestrained suppression

55. Formal agents of social control include the following EXCEPT ____.

A. police stations

B. mental hospitals

C. welfare agencies

D. vocational schools

56. The purpose of formal agents is to ____.

A. make beneficial rules

B. preserve social orders

C. control violation of norms

D. define acceptable behavior

57. Which statement about social control agents is NOT true?

A. They tend to serve the interest of those who enforce the norms.

B. They tend to serve the interest of those who receive a benefit.

C. They tend to serve the interest of those who make the rules.

D. They tend to serve the interest of those who are powerful.

58. According to conflict theorists, social control agents ａｎｄ　systems are ____.

A. liberal

B. partial

C. neutral

D. overall

59. In the third paragraph, “a dual function” refers to ____.

A. formal ａｎｄ　informal

B. rewards ａｎｄ　penalities

C. approval ａｎｄ　disapproval

D. clarification ａｎｄ　regulation

60. The perspective from which the author discusses social control is ____.

A. biological

B. sociological

C. psychological

D. anthropological

参考答案：

51. B 52. D 53. A 54. C 55. D 56. C 57. B 58. B 59. D 60. B

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