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Spot Dictation：

Psychologists have many theories to explain how we remember information. The most influential theory is that memory works as a kind of storage system for information. There are three types of these storage systems with different functions that hold information for different amounts of time. They are sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds information for the shortest amount of time, less than for seconds and instant. Sensory memory is where stimuli or things that stimulate our senses are very briefly stored. We forget sensory memories almost instantly, unless they passed into another storage system. Examples of the stimuli are what we see and hear in the world, such as a flash of lightning or the sound of a door closing. Short-term memory also called working memory, holds information for about 15 to 20 seconds. This is not a very long time. But the information that passes into this system has more meaning for us than just sensory stimulation. Some experts believe that sensory information changes into visual images as it is stored. And others believe that information changes into words. There is not much room for information in short-term memory. And it did not stay there for very long. Examples of this types of information are telephone numbers, addresses and names. Long-term memory holds information almost indefinitely, although retrieving it can sometimes be difficult. Think of long-term memory as a very big library, with almost unlimited capacities for storage. Information gets filed, cataloged and stored. Long-term memory has several different components or categories. The main two categories are declarative memory and procedure memory. Declarative memory is where we store factual information, such as names, faces, dates, life events. Procedure memory is where we store memory of skills and habits , like how to ride a bike, or how to boil an egg. Within the declarative memory, there are smaller categories of memory, episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory relates to our personal lives. Things we have done or experienced, such as having a car accident or graduating from school. Semantic memory is where we organize general knowledge or facts about the world, such as math formulas, spelling rules and capital cities.

点评：这是一篇关于人类记忆分类的文章。文章采用了总分的形式，层次鲜明，结构清晰。文章开头两句为总括句，表明心 理学家有许多种理论来解释人类如何记忆，其中最有影响力的一种理论是人类记忆的工作方式如同信息储存系统。人类的记忆被分为三种：瞬时记忆、短期记忆和长 期记忆。接下来分别针对三种记忆的具体情况：从信息储存的内容、功能和时间的长短三个角度进行了介绍。需要注意的是，最后几句是分论点，阐明长期记忆分为 情景记忆(eopisodic memory)和语义记忆(sematic memory)两类。 相信考生平时对科普知识稍有积累，再加上对结构的把握，本篇文章能够轻松应对。

Listening Comprehension 1

M: There is a small number of exceptional people who play a huge role in the transmissions of epidemic ideas. I call them Mavens, Connectors and Salesmen. W: Say it again?

M: Mavens, Connectors and Salesman. Connectors are the kind of people who know everybody. They have extraordinary social ties. Well, if I do this names test in the Manhattan phonebook, and you go down the list. Every time you see a name you know, you give yourself a point. Well, most people score like 25, 30. Someone scores like 120 or 130. That kind of person is incredibly in generating word-of-mouth epidemics. If they like something and get hold of some idea, they can spread 5 or 6 times further than the average person.

W: Who are those people, what defines them?

M: Well, these are extraordinarily social people with a lot of energy who are consumed by the task of getting to know people, of meeting people, of keeping in touch with them. They make phone calls all day long.

W: I am afraid I am one of them.

M: This is not typical behavior. This is a behavior that is actually rare. Most of us don’t do that. And I am someone who is not that way. I can\'t start a word-of-mouth epidemic because I simply don’t know enough people. I can’t get it outside my own immediate circle of friends. Someone has friends all over the place. They can spread the news about a new restaurant, or a new movie, or something far and wide in a very, very short time.

W: These are the Connectors. Who are the Mavens and who are the Salesmen?

M: The Mavens are people who have specialized knowledge. If you examine why you make certain decisions, why do you shop somewhere, why do you go to a certain restaurant, you’ll find that you are relying on the same person over and over again for recommendations. Those people I call Mavens. My friend Ereal is a Maven, who knows all about the restaurants in lower Manhattan. If I want to know about the hot new restaurant, I call Ereal. Well, all of Ereal’s friends call Ereal, and if you go to restaurants in lower Manhattan and look around the room, you will see friends of Ereal. The restaurant market is an epidemic market, which is controlled by a group of Ereals. I don’t think there are very many of them. There are probably two dozen of them. That’s true of lots of things. That’s true of shopping, and books and movies. If a Maven gets together with a Connector, then you begin see why a word-of-mouth epidemic might happen. Someone who knows everyone in combination with someone who knows everything is a really powerful connection.

W: And then introduce the Salesmen.

M: Well, those people are incredibly persuasive. And again, that’s a very rare and unusual trait.

W: Leaves me out, you see. I can connect, but I can’t sell.

M: Well, they are separate categories. I’ve met with a guy who is known as one of the greatest salesman in America today. When you meet with someone like that, you begin to realize why trans happen. They happen because someone who has this extraordinary natural ability to win you over. When they get hold of an idea, they can really make it go a long way.

Questions:

1. What’s the main topic of this conversation?

2. Which of the following descriptions does not apply to Connectors?

3. Which of the following statements best defines the Mavens?

4. According to the conversation, which of the following groups does the man’s friend Ereal belong to?

5. What can we tell about all three groups of people?

【解析】本段以对话形式介绍了三种人Maven，Connector，Salesman的含义，及各自对transmissions of epidemic ideas的作用，并给出明确的例证。答题关键在于理解三种人分别有何特征，而问题也基本围绕其定义展开。考生可能会对文中出现的word-of-mouth epidemic等说法不熟悉，但可以根据上下文推断其含义。总体难度适中。

Listening Comprehension 2

Question 6 to 10 are based on the following news.

New York, USA

Thousands of "Occupy Wall Street" demonstrators fanned out across New York on Thursday in the first major showing of protest strength since authorities forcibly evicted them from their Lower Manhattan encampment two days earlier.

The group twice squared off against riot police in Zuccotti Park, while engaging in sporadic confrontations with authorities throughout the day.

Demonstrators say they plan to cross the Brooklyn Bridge, where 700 people were arrested in a similar march early last month.

At least 177 protesters were arrested during Thursday\'s demonstrations, said Police Commissioner Ray Kelly, who noted that seven police officers were also hurt during exchanges with protesters.

解析：本篇主要讲的是纽约“占领华尔街”事件。通篇文章仅陈述了事件的一些基本信息，如抗议人数，以及游行中受伤警察的人数。文章并没有对这一事件背后的原因和造成的影响作进一步阐述，所以整体不难。只要抓住一些数字关键词，比较容易得出正确答案。

Rome Italy

New Italian PM Mario Monti\'s government of technocrats has passed its first test, winning a vote of confidence in the senate.

As expected, the government won the vote in the upper house of parliament easily, by 281 votes to 25.

The vote was held after Mr. Monti had outlined his government\'s program of reforms to tackle all the country\'s economic problems and cut its debt.

He faces a second vote in the lower house of parliament on Friday.

Mario Monti, a former EU commissioner, said austerity measures would be balanced by economic growth and social fairness.

Meanwhile, thousands of students staged protests in several Italian cities against Mr. Monti\'s government.

解析：本篇主要围绕着罗马总理候选人Mario Monti展开。考生需要注意，一般围绕着一个人物展开的新闻，考察的重点会放在与该人物相关的一些事实上，如本题的What can we know about New Italian PM Mario Monti’s government of technocrats?

考察考生归纳新闻重点的能力。或者出题者还喜欢考察诸如下列哪项关于xxx的描述不正确，考察学生排查关键信息的能力。在做此类题目时，考生可以边听边做笔记，以此记录听力重点。

Tokyo Japan

Unlike an earthquake, a demographic disaster does not strike without warning. Japan’s population of 127millon is predicted to fall to 90million by 2050. By then, the ratio between working-age Japanese and children and the elderly will be one to one. What’s more, half the talent in Japan is female. Outside the kitchen, those talents are woefully underemployed, nearly half of Japanese university graduates are female but only 67% of these women have jobs,

Japanese women with degrees are much more likely than Americans to quit their jobs voluntarily, saying that the strongest push came from employers who do not value them. A startling 49% of highly educated Japanese women quit, because they feel their careers have stalled.

解析：本篇听力主要针对日本地震过后会出现的一些问题进行阐述。其中提到了人口结构的变化以及日本女性的职业情况。本篇无明显生词，但通篇下来出现了五处数字信息，这种情况下考生需要注意在听的过程中记笔记。此外，也可以看出，听力中的数字信息是每次高口考试的必考点，考生在平时准备的时候尤其需要注意。

Cambridge Massachusetts USA

Scientists are getting closer to the dream of creating computer systems that can replicate the brain.

Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) have designed a computer chip that mimics how the brain\'s neurons adapt in response to new information. Such chips could eventually enable communication between artificially created body parts and the brain.

It could also pave the way for artificial intelligence devices.

There are about 100 billion neurons in the brain, each of which forms synapses - the connections between neurons that allow information to flow - with many other neurons.

This process is known as plasticity and is believed to underpin many brain functions, such as learning and memory.

The MIT team of scientists has been able to design a computer chip that can simulate the activity of a single brain synapse.

解析：本篇属于科技方面的题材，阐述了麻省理工学院在计算机人工智能上的最新进展。科技型文章中会出现一些考生比较陌生的词汇，但是另一方面，出题者一般不会考察文章的细节，而是会放在文章主旨或者中心思想上。所以，考生只需要掌握文章大意即可得出正确选项。

Manchester UK

Leading figures in the world of soccer, on Thursday blasted FIFA President Sepp Blatter for controversial remarks he made on racism in an interview with CNN World Sport.

The head of world football told Pedro Pinto there is no on-field racism in football and that any player who has been abused should simply shake hands with his opponent at the end of the match and move on.

Manchester United\'s Rio Ferdinand, a former England captain, expressed his outrage on Twitter, blasting Blatter\'s comments as "so condescending it\'s almost laughable."

The Swiss was re-elected unopposed as the head of football\'s governing body in June after his main rival was suspended amid corruption allegations. The bidding process for the 2018 World Cup was also dogged by bribery allegations.

Soon after Blatter gave his interview to CNN on Wednesday, his position appeared to be undermined when the English Football Association charged Liverpool\'s Luis Suarez with racism toward a fellow player.

解析：本篇是有关足球方面的文章，当中出现了很多专有名词，如FIFA, CNN World Sport, Manchester United\'s Rio Ferdinand,如果考生平时对体育方面不是很感兴趣的话，容易听漏。但是正如上一篇听力短文一样，对于大部分考生不太熟悉的文章类型，一般出题者会将考察点设置在文章主旨上，所以，考生在做听力之前可以预先浏览选项，对文章的内容进行大胆推测，此外，在听的过程中以一些字母符号替换文章的专有名词，只抓取重点信息即可。

Questions：

6. At least how many "Occupy Wall Street" protesters were arrested during Thursday’s demonstration in New York?

7. What can we know about New Italian PM Mario Monti’s government of technocrats?

8. What percentage of Japanese female university graduates have jobs?

9. What new finding has been made by scientists said MIT, USA?

10. Why did leading figures in the world of soccer call on FIFA president Blatter to resign?

Listening Comprehension 3

Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following interview.

W: Some of us try to eat away the blues, nutritionist Joy Bauer is here with some strategies to help get us healthy. Joy, good to see you again.

M: Good to see you Jolin.

W: So, you know, there’s emotional eating. It really is a problem, isn’t?

M: Oh, the emotional eating is when you eat in response to feelings rather than hunger. Stress, anxiety, nervousness, and maybe you\'ve had a fight with the spouse, or coworker and you head straight to the fridge. The truth is we all do it occasionally.

W: To a certain extent.

M: And that’s not necessarily problematic, but if you struggle with your weight, and you are regularly using food as a coping mechanism, it\'s like rubbing salts in a wound.

W: Right, because you will feel bad, or even worse, after you did it.

M: You feel worse, and you probably worse off emotionally than you were, that cause you to eat in the first place.

W: A vicious cycle.

M: Absolutely. There are some questions we should ask ourselves. That really can help you determine whether you are an emotional eater. First, do you reach for high-calorie food when you feel sorry for yourself? Are high-calorie foods your reward after a difficult day? Do you feel stressed and then put food in your mouth without realizing it.

W: Some of us might answer yes to these questions.

M: Absolutely, if you answer yes to the majority of these questions, you are an emotional eater. And you should put a huge effort into stopping this behavior , because it is destructive to the psyche.

W: Do man and woman go for different kinds of foods when they are looking for comfort?

M: It’s a great question, the number one food according to research in terms of comfort food for man and woman alike is ice cream.

W: Yes!

M: But it\'s a vice. Women head straight for the sweets, cookies, chocolates, candies, and men go for the man food, real food, martial food.

W:Yes.

M:Steak and mass potatoes, big pasta and pizza.

W: One of the things you can do to try to help stop this is measure your hunger on a hunger scale. What’s that?

M: That’s right. Awareness is huge, you wanna know if you are actually hungry or not, one being ravenous, and five being comfortably full. So before you reach for something, figure out if you are four or five. Avoid eating.

W: You say, if you feel like you have to eat something, eat healthy food first.

M: This is a great strategy. I call this three food interference. And it has helped thousands of people. Before you get into anything unhealthy, first eat three healthy items. There’ve always got to be in your fridge a bowl of carrots, one apple and container of yoghourt. After those 3 foods, if you still want to continue on, give yourself permission. But nine times out of ten, you are gonna fill up and you are gonna stop.

Questions:

11. What is emotional eating?

12. Which of the following is true about emotional eating?

13. What is number one comfort food for man and woman alike?

14. What figure on a hunger scale indicates that you are comfortably full?

15. Which of the following is not one of the healthy foods as recommended by the nutritionist?

评析：这是一篇访谈性对话，围绕着情绪化进食 (emotional eating) 这个主题展开。被采访人是一位营养学家，Joy Bauer。Joy Bauer首先介绍了什么是情绪化进食及其危害，然后给出了情绪化进食者的判断标准。对话进而谈到，男人和女人分别会通过什么食物来寻求慰藉。最后，Joy Bauer 建议情绪化进食者可通过饥饿量表来衡量自己的饥饿程度，如果实在要吃东西的话，可以通过先吃三种健康食物来抑制食欲。

对话的关键词emotional eating，考生可通过常识预测对话的内容，难度一般。问题设定的顺序跟对话的进程一致，答案在对话中明显的体现出来，解题关键在于理清对话的脉络，关注细节信息。考生需要注意的细节信息有：关于情绪化进食的定义;男人和女人都爱吃冰激凌来寻求慰藉;健康量表指向5表示已经非常饱了以及营养学家提出的三种健康食物是什么。

Listening Comprehension 4

Question 16-20 are based on the following talk.

Today, I’m going to talk about the health problems related to sun-tan. Sun-tan is preferred by lighter-skinned people, especially during the summer months. They like to give their skin a nice natural bronze color with the help of sun-tanning. Getting a natural tan is the sign of being healthy and being attractive. No wonder many people rush off to the beach at the onset of summer with their tanning lotions and laze away on a towel for hours on end. The result is healthy tanned skin, which people like to flaunt all day long. People often believe that a perfectly tanned skin improves their personality and the texture of their skin. However, it is not advisable to be in direct sunlight for a long time. Excess exposure of the skin to sunlight can actually damage the skin, and is the leading cause of skin cancer all around the world. Moreover, in countries like Australia, the atmosphere does not filter the sun rays completely, as the Ozone layer in the atmosphere is depleting quickly. The Ozone layer is responsible for filtering the harmful ultra-violet or UV rays of the sun that can damage the skin beyond repair.

So what does a tan mean? A tan refers to exposure of the skin to the rays of the sun for a considerable amount of time. The UVB rays of the sun encourage the cells of the innermost layer of the skin, to produce more melanin pigments, which on their way to the outmost layer are tanned by the UVA rays of the sun. As a result, Vitamin D3 is produced naturally under the sun. The vitamin helps protect the bone and also protects us from diseases like osteoporosis. The direct rays of the sun also make the immune system stronger against the invasion of germs, and increase the body’s overall physical powers. It has a positive effect on the functioning of the heart, and improves blood circulation. Common skin diseases like acne and neurodermatitis can be treated with ultra-violet light. These are just some of the many positive effects that the sun offers in the form of its ultra-violet rays. You should take the advice of experts if you would like to go for a natural sun-tan. Different skins react differently to sunlight, and expert opinion should be sought, especially in the beginning. Do not overdo a sun-tan, as excess exposure to the sun’s rays can prove to be harmful to your skin. Wear a sun-tan lotion when you go out in the open during summer. Do not sunbath for more than once a day. Going to the beach or lying out in the sun once or twice a week is enough to maintain a good tan on the skin. Tanning in summer proves to be very beneficial, as it prevents skin fatigue, prepares your skin for the long summer months ahead, builds a natural protection, and produces a nice natural tan.

Questions:

16. What is the main topic of the speech?

17. Which of the following is responsible for filtering the ultra-violet rays of the sun?

18. What is the specific function of Vitamin D3?

19. The ultra-violet rays of the sun have several positive effects on human health. Which of the following is not one of these effects?

20. What can we conclude from the speech?

评析：这是一篇关于健康的文章。文章主要讲述了晒日光浴的好处，以及在晒日光浴时要注意到的健康问题。话题不算难，有部分考生可能会受词汇影响而耽误听力理解。以下这些词是“日光浴”这个话题延伸出来的高频词汇：

deplete: 消耗，耗尽，减少

exposure：暴露

Ozone layer: 臭氧层

filter: 过滤

ultra-violet：紫外线

osteoporosis：骨质酥松症

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