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Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human-and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate. For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland. Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development. Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.

1. Which of the following best describes the function of the highlighted sentence in the context of the passage as a whole?

A. It provides an example of the kind of problems that often complicate investigations into environmental change.

B. It call into question the reliability of the established dates for later Holocene agricultural development.

C. It describes the nature of localized agricultural developments during the later Holocene.

D. It outlines a hypothesis that draws on evidence discussed earlier in the passage.

E. It limits the scope of a particular complication mentioned earlier in the passage.

2. According to the passage, which of the following is true regarding environmental changes 4,000 years ago?

A. No localized increases in grass pollen were caused by agricultural development.

B. Increases in grass pollen were at least sometimes a reflection of an increase in aridity.

C. Wholesale ecosystem changes probably resulted from agricultural development.

D. Any small-scale changes occurring then would not be detectable now.

E. Environmental change helped induce the adoption of agricultural technologies.

1

Human impacts on the natural environment during the later part of the Holocene (beginning about 4,000 years ago) complicate investigations into environmental change during that period because the signals produced by human- and climate-induced change are sometimes difficult to separate.

全新世晚期(开始于约 4000 年前)人类对自然环境的影响，让关于当时环境改变的研究变得复杂，因为人类引起的改变和气候引起的改变，有时难以区分。

全新世 [Holocene epoch]

旧称最新世(Recent epoch)

地球地质史的最后阶段，时间从10,000年前到现在。是构成第四纪的两个世中年代较晚的一个，在更新世最后一个冰期之后，特点是气候条件比较温暖。这时期，人类技术有所精进，逐渐导向现代文明水平。

2

For example, in the later Holocene, one indicator of increased aridity due to climate change is an increase in pollen from grasses, as forest vegetation gives way to grassland.

例如，全新世晚期，因气候改变而导致干旱加剧的一种指标，是禾本植物的划分增多，因为森林植被草原取代。

3

Such a change in vegetation could alternatively be attributed to human impact in the form of agricultural development.

这样一种植被的改变，也可以被另外地解释为人类农业的发展的后果。

4

Examples of such human impact from 4,000 years ago would be small-scale, however, since the broad ecosystem changes brought about by the widespread adoption of agricultural technologies occurred later.

4000 年前，这类人类影响的例子可能是小规模的，然而，因农业技术的广泛传播而产生的大范围生态系统改变，随后就发生了。

(现在来看，since 句是个病句，要么把 since 划掉，否则只能认为材料截取原文时漏掉了一些内容，使 since 作为一个连词，引导了一个无意义的分句)

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