Total, Variable, Fixed, and Marginal Cost and Output：Variable,Fixed,Output:is the summation of all expenses that do not change as the level of production:varies.Total[Practice

Trading Blocs, Common Markets, and Economic Unions：all barriers to the flow of goods and services among members have been eliminated. However:Beneluxreplacement of higher-cost domestic production by lower-cost imports from othermembers.

Substitution and Income Effects：Substitution and Income Effects:effectconsumers tend to buy more of them when their income rises.

Frequency Distributions：frequency,2.35:[Practicecorrect–1.0 to +2.0intervalC.+5.0 to +8.0

Imports and Exports：Nettrade deficit.

Elasticity and Total Expenditure：expenditure move in the same direction.curve

Probability：Probability:Random:variable:Objective,Subjective:probability draws on personal or subjective judgment.;Given a probability PE:Loss

Shifts in the AD and AS curves and Equilibriums：A decrease in AD lowers real GDP:contractions are associated with rising inflation and interest rates.

Frequency Distributions：frequency,interval.,[Practicecorrectinterval+5.0 to +8.0x-axis and the absolute frequency for that interval on the y-axis

What members and candidates should notice in CFA examinations?：or security of the CFA examinations.（不能恶心CFA），考试不能作弊:考试内容要保密:A. No.:Responsibilities as a CFA Institute Member.right④Case

Why members and candidates must develop and maintain appropriate records?：actions,Cannot usehistoricalrecommendations or research reports created at the previous firm because the supporting documentation is unavailable. （不能使用以前的推荐或者研究报告,因为没有支持数据）For future use,CFA

What laws,rules, and regulations should be known by members and candidates?：rules，必须遵守直接相关的法律），but this may be advisable in some circumstances and required by law in others. （没有要求一定要将违法行为报告政府）也会被认为是参与违法行为）