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However attractive the figures may look on paper, in the long run the success or failure of a merger depends on the human factor. When the agreement has been signed and the accountants have departed, the real problems may only just be beginning. If there is a culture clash between the two companies in the way their people work, then all the efforts of the financier sand lawyers to strike a deal may have been in vain.

According to Chris Bolton of KS Management Consultants, 70% of mergers fail to live up to their promise of shareholder value, riot through any failure in economic terms but because the integration of people is unsuccessful. Corporates, he explains, concentrate their efforts before a merger on legal, technical and financial matters. They employ a range of experts to obtain the most favourable contract possible. But even at these early stages, people issues must be taken into consideration. The strengths and weaknesses of both organisations should be assessed and, if it is a merger of equals, then careful thought should be given to which personnel, from which side,should take on the key roles.

This was the issue in 2001 when the proposed merger between two pharmaceutical companies promised to create one of the largest players in the industry. For both companies the merger was intended to reverse falling market share and shareholder value. However, although the companies\\\' skill bases were compatible, the chief executives of the two companies could not agree which of them was to head up the new organisation. This illustrates the need to compromise if a merger is to take place.

But even in mergers that do go ahead, there can be culture clashes. One way to avoid this is to work with focus groups to see how employees view the existing culture of their organisation. In one example, where two global organisations in the food sector were planning to merge, focus groups discovered that the companies displayed very different profiles. One was sales-focused,knew exactly what it wanted to achieve and pushed initiatives through. The other got involved in lengthy discussions, trying out options methodically and making contingency plans. The first responded quickly to changes in the marketplace; the second took longer, but the option it eventually chose was usually the correct one. Neither company\\\'s approach would have worked for the other.

The answer is not to adopt one company\\\'s approach, or even to try to incorporate every aspect of both organisations, but to create a totally new culture. This means taking the best from both sides and making a new organisation that everyone can accept. Or almost everyone.Inevitably there will be those who cannot adapt to a different culture. Research into the impact of mergers has found that companies with differing management styles are the ones that need to work hardest at creating a new culture.

Another tool that can help to get the right cultural mix is intercultural analysis. This involves carrying out research that looks at the culture of a company and the business culture of the country in which it is based. It identifies how people, money and time are managed in a company,and investigates the business customs of the country and how its politics, economics and history impact on the way business is done.

13. According to the text, mergers can encounter problems when

A. contracts are signed too quickly.

B. experts cannot predict accurate figures.

C. conflicting attitudes cannot be resolved.

D. staff are opposed to the terms of the deal.

14. According to Chris Bolton, what do many organisations do in preparation for a merger?

A. ensure their interests are represented

B. give reassurances to shareholders

C. consider the effect of a merger on employees

D. analyse the varying strengths of their staff

15. The proposed merger of two pharmaceutical groups failed because

A. major shareholders were opposed.

B. there was a fall in the demand for their products.

C. there were problems combining their areas of expertise.

D. an issue of personal rivalry could not be resolved.

16. According to the text, focus groups can help companies to

A. develop new initiatives.

B. adopt contingency plans.

C. be decisive and react rapidly.

D. evaluate how well matched they are.

17. Creating a new culture in a newly merged organisation means that

A. management styles become more flexible.

B. there is more chance of the merger working.中华考试网

C. staff will find it more difficult to adapt to the changes.

D. successful elements of the original organisations are lost.

18. According to the text, intercultural analysis will show

A. what kind of benefits a merger can lead to.

B. how the national context affects the way a company is run.

C. how long it will take for a company culture to develop.

D. what changes companies should make before a merger takes place.

参考答案接解析:

第十三题，问什么情况下并购会遇到麻烦。答案是A段的最后一句，关键词是culture clash。

第十四题，问很多机构为并购所做的准备是什么。答案是第二段：Corporates, he explains, concentrate their efforts before a merger on legal, technical and financial matters。

第十五题，问这俩医药公司并购失败的原因是什么。答案是第三段的倒数第二句：the chief executives of the two companies could not agree which of them was to head up the new organisation.

第十六题，问focus group可以帮助公司干什么。答案在第四段。这一段是举例说明两个合并公司的文化兼容性问题。

第十七题，问在一个新合并的公司里创造新的文化意味着什么。答案是第五段：This means taking the best from both sides and making a new organisation that everyone can accept。

第十八题，跨文化分析能够表明什么。答案是最后一段的最后一句：how its politics, economics and history impact on the way business is done.

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