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文章：Can Scientists tell us: What happiness is?

Question 14-20

The reading passage has seven paragraphs A-H.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.

14 An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon

15 Review of a poorly researched psychology area

16 Contrast being made about the brain’s action as response to positive or negative stimulus

17 The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund

18 a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking

19 a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains

20 One description that listed the human emotional categories

Question 21-25

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than four words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer sheet.

A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received …21... The latter displayed the most creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the significance of the …22…for both levels of happiness and classification for the virtues. Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into the way of thinking for what\'s wrong because we have a…23…

There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later, at Iowa University, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like…24…are shown, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response comes from …25…of the brain.

Question 26

Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.

Choose the correct letter. A, B, C or D.

According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about happiness

A Brain systems always mix liking and wanting together.

B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively.

C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure.

D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness.

题目解析

14、Three groups

B段第2句

B段讲述了少数心理学家对积极情绪的研究。从第2句话开始，文章详述了实验的方法，题干中的positive icon指代文中的candy。

本题答案为B

15、Ignored，only

A段最后两句

A段是关于早期心里学家研究幸福的方法。从该段最后两句可以看出，积极的情绪在当时的研究被ignored，并且在100个试验中，only one concerns a positive trait。这里的ignored/only/a都是在映射题干中的poorly researched。

本题答案选A

16、Structure of the brain

F段第1句

F段讲述了积极和消极想法的大脑结构的生物学基础。从第一句话的structure of brain可以看出，本段会研究brain action。

本题答案选F

17、Critics, big question

C段第1句

C段是针对B段的观点，批评家质疑少数心理学家研究幸福的方式。从critics, big question, what is the point of…等地方，均可以看出题干中所述的skeptical attitude。

本题答案选C

18、Wanting, liking

G段第1句

G段落主要讲wanting和liking的在大脑系统中的区别。从第1句开始，该段多次出现wanting和liking。

所以本题答案选G

19、Brick of nature

H段第2句

H段是全文最后一段，所以很容易于题干中的conclusion联系在一起。另外在H段第 2句也出现了brick of nature,指代题干中的nature of brains。

本题答案选H

20、Six universal emotion

E段中间

E段中提到了人类最基础的六种情感，对应题干中的human emotional categories。

本题答案选E

21、Candy

B段

B段中详细描述了实验的三个分组情况。Into three groups: one received candy, one…

所以本题可以从原文中直接找到答案为candy。

22、What is the point of defining…

C段

从题干中的Since critics可得知此题对应原文中的C段。该段第2句话what is the point of defining levels of happiness and classifying the virtues。所以本题需要填写define的名词definition。

23、Professor Seligman, adversity

D段倒数第三局

D段倒数第3句：Professor Seligman says: because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain。从题干中的Professor Seligman提示了答案应该从这句话中寻找。另外题干中的adversity对应了文章中的ice flood和famine。因此每题应该填catastrophic brain

24、Pleasant picture

E段第3句

E段第3句 讲述了pleasant and unpleasant picture对人类大脑的影响，之后紧接着提到了landscapes and dolphins playing。可见这里的positive image应该填文章中对应的pleasant picture，即landscapes and dolphins playing。

25、Unpleasant images

E段第4句

此题答案紧接着上一题。作者在E段中描述了pleasant picture之后，紧接着提到了unpleasant image(picture)。在该句的末尾处comes from more primitive parts of the brain可以找到改题的答案为 more primitive parts

26、Separate, deeply ingrained, wanting and liking, lasting happiness

E、G、H段

本题选D。

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