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5.Airplane manufacturer: I object to your characterization of our X-387 jets as dangerous. No X-387 in commercial use has ever crashed or even had a serious malfunction.

Airline regulator: The problem with the X-387 is not that it, itself, malfunctions, but that it creates a turbulence in its wake that can create hazardous conditions for aircraft in its vicinity.

The airline regulator responds to the manufacturer by doing which of the following?

(A) Characterizing the manufacturer’s assertion as stemming from subjective interest rather than from objective evaluation of the facts

(B) Drawing attention to the fact that the manufacturer’s interpretation of the word “dangerous” is too narrow

(C) Invoking evidence that the manufacturer has explicitly dismissed as irrelevant to the point at issue

(D) Citing statistical evidence that refutes the manufacturer’s claim（B）

(E) Casting doubt on the extent of the manufacturer’s knowledge of the number of recent airline disasters

6.Damaged nerves in the spinal cord do not regenerate themselves naturally, nor even under the spur of nerve-growth stimulants. The reason, recently discovered, is the presence of nerve-growth inhibitors in the spinal cord. Antibodies that deactivate those inhibitors have now been developed. Clearly, then, nerve repair will be a standard medical procedure in the foreseeable future.

Which of the following, if true, casts the most serious doubt on the accuracy of the prediction above?

(A) Prevention of the regeneration of damaged nerves is merely a by-product of the main function in the human body of the substances inhibiting nerve growth.

(B) Certain nerve-growth stimulants have similar chemical structures to those of the antibodies against nerve-growth inhibitors.

(C) Nerves in the brain are similar to nerves in the spinal cord in their inability to regenerate themselves naturally.

(D) Researchers have been able to stimulate the growth of nerves not located in the spinal cord by using only nerve-growth stimulants.（A）

(E) Deactivating the substances inhibiting nerve growth for an extended period would require a steady supply of antibodies.

7.The human body secretes more pain-blocking hormones late at night than during the day. Consequently, surgical patients operated on at night need less anesthesia. Since larger amounts of anesthesia pose greater risks for patients, the risks of surgery could be reduced if operations routinely took place at night.

Which of the following, if true, argues most strongly against the view that surgical risks could be reduced by scheduling operations at night?

(A) Energy costs in hospitals are generally lower at night than they are during the day.

(B) More babies are born between midnight and seven o’clock in the morning than at any other time.

(C) Over the course of a year, people’s biological rhythms shift slightly in response to changes in the amounts of daylight to which the people are exposed.

(D) Nurses and medical technicians are generally paid more per hour when they work during the night than when they work during the day.（E）

(E) Manual dexterity and mental alertness are lower in the late night than they are during the day, even in people accustomed to working at night.

Questions 8-9

Walter: A copy of an artwork should be worth exactly what the original is worth if the two works are visually indistinguishable. After all, if the two works are visually indistinguishable, they have all the same qualities, and if they have all the same qualities, their prices should be equal.

Marissa: How little you understand art! Even if someone could make a perfect copy that is visually indistinguishable from the original, the copy would have a different history and hence not have all the same qualities as the original.

8.Which of the following is a point at issue between Walter and Marissa?

(A) Whether a copy of an artwork could ever be visually indistinguishable from the original

(B) Whether the reproduction of a work of art is ever worth more than the original is worth

(C) Whether a copy of a work of art is ever mistaken for the original

(D) Whether a copy of a work of art could have all the same qualities as the original（D）

(E) Whether originality is the only valuable attribute that a work of art can possess

9.Marissa uses which of the following techniques in attempting to refute Walter’s argument?

(A) Attacking his assumption that the price of an artwork indicates its worth

(B) Raising a point that would undermine one of the claims on which his conclusion is based

(C) Questioning his claim that a perfect copy of a work of art would be visually indistinguishable from the original

(D) Giving reason to believe that Walter is unable to judge the quality of a work of art because of his inadequate understanding of the history of art（B）

(E) Proposing alternative criteria for determining whether two works of art are visually indistinguishable

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