ACCA F2学习笔记整理
ACCA F2这一门课程是管理会计的内容，课程总体难度不大，差异分析的部分考试可能有些难度，另外一些财务比率的计算需要掌握，为今后的学习打好基础。以下是小编整理的一些F2学习笔记供同学们参考：
1.Target cost= target selling price –
target profit = market price – desired profit margin.
2.cost gap= estimated cost – target cost.
3.TQM :
①preventing costs
②appraisal costs
③internal failure costs
④external failure cost
4.Alternative costing principle:
①ABC(activity based costing)
②Target costing
③Life cycle
④TQM
5.Time series:
①trend
②seasonal variation: ⑴ 加法模型sum to zero; ⑵ 乘法模型 sum to 4
③cyclical variation
④random variation
6.pricipal budget factor 关键预算因子： be limited the activities
7.budget purpose :
①communication
②coordination
③compel the plan
④motivative employees
⑤resource allocation
8.Budget committee 的功能 ：①coordinated ②administration
9.Budget : ①function budget ②master budget
: 1. P&L ; 2. B/S ; 3. Cash Flow
10.Fixed Budget: 不是在于固不固定，而是基于一个业务量的考虑，financail expression.
Flexible Budget : 包含了固定成本和变动成本，并且变动成本的变化是随着业务量的变化而改变。
11.Flexible Budget 的优点：
①recognize different cost behavior.
②improve quality and a comparison of like
with like
③help managers to forecast cost, revenue
and profit.
12.Flexible Budget 的缺点：
1 假设太简单。
2 需要更多的时间准备预算编制。
13.Controllable cost is a “cost which can
be influenced by ” its budget holder. 大部分的变动成本是可控的，non-controllable
cost 为inflation.
14.Budget Behavior :
①participate approach
②imposed budget
15.payback 投资回收期的缺点：
①ignore profitability
②the time value of money is ignored
③没有考虑项目后期带来的经济利益
④arbitray 武断
16.payback 投资回收期的优点：
①easy to calculate
②widely use
③minimize the effect of the risk and help
liqidity
★如果在算投资回收期的时候，发生折旧，则需要加回折旧，因为折旧是非现金项目。
17.(1+ real interst rate)*(1+inflation
rate) = ( 1+ nominal interest rate)
18. NPV
= present value of future net cash flow – present value of initial cost
19.永续年金 =A/i
20.每年的汇报是相同的就查看年金现值系数表，不同的就查看年金系数表。
21.EAR =CAR=APR=(1+r/n)n – 1 有效年利率
22.IRR:(based on cash flow analysis)
①IRR> cost of capital, NPV >0, worth
taking
②IRR< cost of capital, NPV <0, not
worthwhile.
23.ARR =average profit/ average investment
(ARR 是基于profit)
Average investment = (initial investment – residual value)/2
24.type of standard:
①basic standard
②current standard
③ideal standard
④attainable standard
25.Variance
1．Material Variance
⑴total material variance= standard cost
–actual cost
⑵material price variance= (standard price –
actual price )* actual quantity
⑶material usage variance=(standard usage of
actual output- actual usage) * standard price.
2.Direct Labor Variance
⑴standard pay – actual pay
⑵Labor rate variances= (standard rate –
actual rate) * actual hrs of actual output
⑶Labor efficiency variances= (standard hrs
of actual output – actual hrs) * standard rate
3．Variable
production overhead variances
⑴Total variable O.H. variance = standard
cost – actual cost
⑵Variable O.H. expenditure variance =
(standard rate – actual rate) * actual hrs
⑶Variable O.H. efficiency variance =
(standard hrs of actual output – actual hrs) * standard rate
4．Fixed O.H.
expenditure variance
⑴Fixed O.H. Expenditure variance= budget expenditure
– actual expenditure
⑵Fixed O.H. volume = (actual output -
budgeted volume) * standard hrs per unit * standard rate per hr.
⑶Capacity variance= (actual hrs worked –
budgeted hrs worked) * standard rate per hr
⑷Efficiency variance= (standard hrs worked
for actual output – actual hrs worked)* standard rate per hr ⑴+⑵：Fixed O.H. total variance= fixed O.H. absorbed – actual expenditure
5.Sales variance
⑴Sales price variances = (actual price –
budget price) * actual sales units
⑵ Sales volume variances = (actual sales
units –budget sales units) * standard profit per unit
(absorption)
⑶Sales volume variances = (actual sales
units –budget sales units) * standard CPU (marginal costing)
6．Idle time
variances
Idle time variance = (expected idle time –
actual idle time)* adjusted hr rate
26.The elements of a mission statement
including:
①Purpose
②Strategy
③Policies and standards of behavior
④Values and culture
27.A critical success factor is a
performance requirement that is fundamental to competitive success.
28. Profitability ratios
①Return on capital employed (ROCE)
=profit before interest and tax
/(shareholders’ funds+ long-term liabilities) × 100%
②Return on equity (ROE)=profit after tax /
shareholders’ funds × 100%
③Asset turnover=sales/ capital employed×
100%
=sales/(shareholders’ funds+ long-term
liabilities) × 100%
④Profit margin= profit before interest and
tax / sales × 100%
Profit margin × asset turnover = ROCE
29.Debt and gearing ratios
①Debt-to-equity ratio=long-term liabilities
/ total equity × 100%
②Interest cover=PBIT/ Interest× 100%
30.Liquidity ratios
①Current ratio =current assets/ current
liabilities
②Quick ratio ( acid test ratio)=current
assets minus inventory / current liabilities
31.Working capital ratios
①Inventory days= average inventory *365 /
cost of sales
②Receivables days= average trade
receivables * 365 / sales
③Payables days= average trade payables *365
/ cost of sales (or purchases)
32.Non-financial performance measures
Non-financial performance measures are
considered to be leading indicators of financial performance.
①Market share
②Innovation
③Growth
④Productivity
⑤Quality
⑥Social aspects
33.The balanced scorecard :
①financial perspective ② external
perspective
③customer perspective ④ learning and
innovation perspective
34. Benchmarking :
①Internal benchmarking
②Competitive benchmarking
③Functional benchmarking
④Strategic benchmarking
35.Value analysis is a planned, scientific
approach to cost reduction, which reviews the material composition of a product
and the product';s design so that modifications and improvements can be made
which do not reduce the value of the product to the customer or user.
36.Four aspects of ';value'; should be
considered:
①Cost value
②Exchange value
③Utility value
④Esteem value
37.ROI=PBIT / capital employed *100%
Widely used and accepted; As a relative
measure it enables comparisons to be made with divisions or companies of
different sizes.
38. RI=PBIT- Imputed interest * capital
employed.
Possible to use different rates of interest
for different types of assets; Cost of finance is being considered.